气象站迁址对测风数据及其应用效果影响

Impact of Station Relocation on Observed Surface Wind Measurement Data and Its Application Effectiveness

  • 摘要: 基于国家级地面气象站站址沿革信息,将2012—2023年2311个国家级地面气象站分为迁址站、未迁址站和高山站,对比各类气象站风速、风向等统计量的差异,选取典型气象站测风数据分析迁址对工程应用的影响。结果表明:多数气象站迁址后的年平均风速、年最大风速、年极大风速明显增大,静风频率明显降低,在地形复杂区域气象站迁址后的主导风向也发生较大变化,而无迁址气象站风速变化趋势不明显,即在气候持续变暖背景下,我国地表风速总体呈增大趋势主要由气象站迁址所致。迁址导致的年最大风速序列的非均一性对工程抗风所关注的重现期最大风速的估计影响较大,同时年平均风速、静风频率、主导风向变化等会影响对大气扩散能力和扩散方向的评估结论。

     

    Abstract: Surface wind speed time series from national meteorological stations are frequently utilized in studies of wind climate change analysis, wind energy resource assessment, and engineering considerations for wind resistance. Every year, dozens of weather stations are relocated in China, resulting in inhomogeneous time series data for surface wind speeds at these stations. Based on wind speed data and station history information of 2311 national meteorological stations during 2012-2023 (of which 926 stations have relocated records), the impact of station relocation on statistical values of wind speed, the causes of wind speed variation trends, and related engineering application parameters are analyzed. The results indicate that after the relocation of the stations, there is a significant increase in annual wind speed, accompanied by a noticeable decrease in the frequency of calm winds. Additionally, there are significant changes in the dominant wind direction at most stations across China. The situation of 926 stations after the relocation is as follows: The annual mean wind speed increases by 0.58-0.77 m·s-1, with an average of 0.69 m·s-1, and the wind speed at above 73% stations increases by over 20%; the annual maximum wind speed increases by 3.14-5.60 m·s-1, with an average of 4.21 m·s-1, the wind speed at above 70% stations increases by more than 20%; the annual extreme wind speed increases by 2.05-6.16 m·s-1, with an average of 4.17 m·s-1, and the wind speed increases in over 70% of stations; calm wind frequency decreases at about 75% of the stations; the dominant wind direction alters in about 76% of the stations according to 16 wind directions; and the annual mean wind speed has increased by 0.51 m·s-1 every 10 years, but the wind speed variation trends of the most nearest non-relocated stations at the same time are almost stationary. The increase in wind speed is primarily attributed to the rise in altitude following the station’s relocation. These conclusions indicate that the primary cause of the overall increase in surface wind speed in China over the past decade, in the context of ongoing climate warming, is the relocation of weather stations. Further analysis results indicate that there are significant impact on the design of the maximum wind speed for the return period of engineering wind resistance concerns, which increases the cost of engineering and construction design, and analysis results of the local atmospheric diffusion capacity and direction may be altered by use of inhomogeneous wind speed of relocated stations. Therefore, when utilizing surface wind speed data for wind-related research and applications, it is essential to consider the historical information of the station. Additionally, any inhomogeneous data should be identified and processed appropriately.

     

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