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The Accuracy Test of Retrieved Precipitation Water Vapor Based on Beidou Observations
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摘要: 采用上海市气象局建立的北斗气象站的2014年观测数据和我国自主研发的精密导航数据处理软件PANDA (position and navigation data analysist) 实现了基于北斗数据的大气水汽总量 (precipitable water vapor，PWV) 反演，并将利用北斗卫星信号解算的大气水汽总量 (WBD) 结果与目前较为成熟的GPS卫星反演结果 (WGPS) 和无线电探空反演结果 (WRadio) 进行对比，研究表明：反演的WBD与WGPS的均方根误差均低于3.5 mm，反演的WBD与WRadio的均方根误差为3.6 mm，两种对比方式的相关系数均在0.95以上，反演方法以及地理位置的差异对于反演结果有一定影响；反演的WBD能够很好地反映出大气中水汽的变化特征，对于气象短时临近预报、气候分析有指示作用。Abstract: The Beidou Navigation Satellite System is an independent system under construction in China. Observations of Beidou can be used to retrieve atmospheric precipitation water vapor (PWV) and provide information of water vapor with high precise and high real time. Beidou meteorological observation network is built by Shanghai Meteorological Bureau with PANDA (position and navigation data analysist) and M300C_GNSS, UNICORE-UB240 Beidou receivers, and the atmospheric precipitation water vapor is acquired. First, satellite data is received by Beidou meteorological observations and satellite orbit files are downloaded synchronously, and then zenith total delay (ZTD) is calculated by PANDA modules, and at last the PWV is retrieved based on surface meteorological parameters observed by automatic weather stations.Results of PWV retrieved by Beidou data (WBD) are compared with both PWV retrieved by GPS data (WGPS) and radiosonde data (WRadio), as the technology of them are mature. WGPS is retrieved by two methods: One is GAMIT (GPS at MIT) with the method of double difference phase observation, the other is PANDA with the method of precise point positioning. WRadio is retrieved by the method of water vapor integration from different pressure levels. The horizontal distance difference between corresponding observations is no more than 10 km, the elevation difference between GPS and Beidou observations is no more than 5 m, and the elevation difference between radiosonde and Beidou observations is about 30 m. Results show that the root mean square error (RMSE) between WBD and WGPS is no more than 3.5 mm, the correlation coefficient between them is over 0.95, and the RMSE between WBD and WGPS-P is smaller than that between WBD and WGPS-G, which means that the retrieve method has certain influence on results of PWV. The RMSE between WBD and WGPS-Radio is about 3.6 mm, the correlation coefficient between them is over 0.96, and WBD is on the high side compared with WGPS-Radio. WBD can well reflect the temporal changing characteristics of water vapor in the atmosphere and has corresponding relations with precipitation, which plays an important role in short-term weather forecast and climate analysis. The accuracy of WBD relies much on the precise ephemeris of Beidou.With the development of the Beidou Navigation Satellite System, the accuracy of PWV based on Beidou observations can surpass that based on GPS observations. Therefore, making the best of the Beidou Navigation Statellite System and improving meteorological service with WBD is important for the modernization of meteorology.
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Key words:
- the Beidou Navigation Statellite System;
- PWV;
- GPS
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图 3 临港GPS站反演的WGPS与临港北斗站反演的WBD散点图
(a) GAMIT反演的WGPS，(b) PANDA反演的WGPS
Fig. 3 Scatter plot of WGPS and WBD calculated at Lingang
(a)WGPS calculated by GAMIT, (b)WGPS calculated by PANDA
图 4 金山GPS站反演的WGPS与金山北斗站反演的WBD散点图
(a) GAMIT反演的WGPS，(b) PANDA反演的WGPS
Fig. 4 Scatter plot of WGPS and WBD calculated at Jinshan
(a)WGPS calculated by GAMIT, (b)WGPS calculated by PANDA
图 5 罗泾北斗站反演的WBD与宝山探空站反演的WRadio的散点图
Fig. 5 Scatter plot of WBD calculated at Luojing and WRadio calculated at Baoshan
图 6 2014年3月临港大气水汽总量时间序列
(柱状图为对应时刻的小时降水量，间断部分表示缺测，横线为临港3月发生降水的PWV阈值线)
Fig. 6 Sequence chart of PWV at Lingang in Mar 2014
(columnar represents corresponding rainfall, the continuous section shows lack of monitoring, black line represents the threshold for rainfall at Lingang)
图 7 2014年4月宝山大气水汽总量时间序列
(间断部分表示缺测，柱状图为对应时刻的小时降水量，横线为宝山4月发生降水的PWV阈值线)
Fig. 7 Sequence chart of PWV at Baoshan in Apr 2014
(columnar represents corresponding time rainfall, the continuous section shows lack of monitoring, black line represents the threshold for rainfall at Baoshan)
表 1 目前在轨运行的北斗卫星信息
Table 1 Information of Beidou satellite on-orbit
卫星种类 卫星编号 地球静止轨道卫星 G1，G3，G4，G5，G6 倾斜地球同步
轨道卫星IGSO1，IGSO2，IGSO3，
IGSO4，IGSO5中圆地球轨道卫星 M3，M4，M5，M6 
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表 2 3种大气水汽总量计算反演的结果比较
Table 2 Statistical results of WBD, WGPS and WRadio
站点 对比方式 样本量 均方根误差/mm 平均偏差/mm 相关系数 南汇北斗站与南汇GPS站 WBD和WGPS-G 734 2.90 1.21 0.9588 WBD和WGPS-P 734 2.77 1.09 0.9698 遥感中心北斗站与莘庄GPS站 WBD和WGPS-G 657 3.43 1.05 0.9531 WBD和WGPS-P 657 3.28 0.97 0.9762 临港北斗站与临港GPS站 WBD和WGPS-G 1849 3.44 -1.18 0.9577 WBD和WGPS-P 1849 2.89 1.44 0.9748 金山北斗站与金山GPS站 WBD和WGPS-G 1382 3.24 -0.47 0.9502 WBD和WGPS-P 1382 3.15 1.75 0.9664 罗泾北斗站与宝山探空站 WBD和WRadio 127 3.64 1.24 0.9624
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