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Comparison of Atmospheric Temperature and Humidity Sounding by Different Sensors Onboard a New Composite Wing UAV
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摘要: 无人机为大气探测的重要平台, 为克服固定翼起飞降落条件要求高和旋翼机飞行航时短的问题, 中国科学院大气物理研究所中层大气和全球环境探测实验室自主研制了一款新型复合翼无人机。为检验其在近地面探测大气温湿度的能力, 于2020年7月28日—8月6日及2021年8月1—6日, 在内蒙古自治区正镶白旗无人机综合验证基地开展了两期无人机搭载不同传感器探测温湿度的比对试验。结果显示:机载自动站与GPS探空仪所测温度绝对偏差为2.00℃~2.35℃, 系统偏差可订正;两者所测相对湿度绝对偏差为4.28%;2021年搭载维萨拉温湿探头, 测量对比表明维萨拉温湿探头与GPS探空仪测量结果一致性较好, 机载自动站与两者差异较大。飞行探测试验表明:长航时复合翼无人机在近地面大气层探空方面机动性强, 与常规旋翼无人机相比, 可获取更大垂直与水平范围的气象要素信息。Abstract: Satellite navigation-based autonomous drones have become an important platform for atmospheric exploration. In order to overcome the harsh take-off and landing conditions of fixed-wing UAVs and the short flight time of rotorcraft, a new composite wing UAV with rotary and fixed-wing has been developed by Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Exploration Laboratory of Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Two field experiments of UAV soundings are carried out in Zhengxiangbaiqi, Inner Mongolia from 28 July to 6 August in 2020 and from 1 August to 6 August in 2021 to examine the performance of sounding sensors onboard the new type of UAV. The instruments used and the experiments conducted in the two phases of the experiment are introduced first, and then the temperature and relative humidity profile data obtained by different sensors onboard the UAV are compared and analyzed. The results show that the temperature bias between the AWS and the GPS radiosonde onboard UAV is about 2.00 to 2.35℃; the systematic deviation can be revised, and the correlation coefficient is 0.98. The deviation of relative humidity is 4.28% and the correlation coefficient is 0.84 in 2020. The Vaisala temperature and humidity probe are onboard the UAV in the experiment of 2021, which are in good agreement with GPS radiosonde, but the AWS is vastly different from both. The flight sounding test shows that the long-endurance composite wing UAV with rotary and fixed-wing can obtain meteorological information in the near-surface atmosphere because of its larger vertical and horizontal range than the conventional rotary-wing UAV. The AWS onboard new composite wing UAV can obtain temperature and humidity profile information of the near-surface atmosphere, but the time lag effect caused by fast descent speed is obvious. Therefore, the sensor with obvious time lag effect is not suitable for the sounding of faster flight speed. The flight attitude change and turn of the UAV in the level flight process have no obvious effects on the measurements of temperature and humidity.
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图 1 2020年8月2, 4, 5日地基GPS探空测得的位温、相对湿度及风速、风向廓线
Fig. 1 Temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and wind direction measured by ground-based GPS radiosonde on 2 Aug, 4 Aug, 5 Aug in 2020
图 2 2020年8月2日10:10—11:14无人机机载自动站飞行探测的温度(a)和相对湿度(b)
Fig. 2 Temperature(a) and relative humidity(b) measured along the flight trajectory UAV-borne AWS during 1010 BT-1114 BT on 2 Aug 2020
图 3 2020年8月2日10:10—11:10无人机飞行海拔高度、姿态角、温度、相对湿度的变化
Fig. 3 Time series of the UAV flight height, attitude angles as well as the measured temperature and relative humidity in the flight during 1010BT-1110BT on 2 Aug 2020
图 4 2021年8月1日飞行高度、维萨拉温湿探头及GPS探空仪的温度和相对湿度时间序列
Fig. 4 Time series of flight height, temperature and relative humidity measured by UAV-borne Vaisala temperature and humidity probe and GPS radiosonde on 1 Aug 2021
图 5 无人机机载不同传感器温度散点图
(a)2020年8月2，4，5日自动站与GPS探空仪，(b)2021年8月1日维萨拉温湿探头与GPS探空仪，(c)2021年8月3日自动站与GPS探空仪，(d)2021年8月5日维萨拉温湿探头与自动站
Fig. 5 Scatter plots of the temperature measurements by UAV-borne sensors
(a)AWS and GPS radiosonde on 2 Aug, 4 Aug, 5 Aug in 2020,(b)Vaisala temperature and humidity probe and GPS radiosonde on 1 Aug 2021, (c)AWS and GPS radiosonde on 3 Aug 2021, (d)AWS and Vaisala temperature and humidity probe on 5 Aug 2021
图 7 2020年8月2日无人机一段爬升与平飞过程中温度、相对湿度变化
Fig. 7 Temperature and relative humidity once measured by UAV during the ascending and constant-altitude flights on 2 Aug 2020
图 8 2020年8月2日无人机在13个高度平飞过程中温度(a)和相对湿度(b)均方差
Fig. 8 Mean square error of air temperature(a) and relative humidity(b) measured by the UAV during the constant level flights on 2 Aug 2020
表 1 3种温湿传感器性能参数
Table 1 Specifications of temperature and humidity of 3 sensors
仪器 气象要素 测量范围 误差范围 灵敏度 Airmar 200WX 温度 -40~80℃ ±1.1℃(20℃条件下) 0.1℃ 相对湿度 0~100% ±5%(测量范围0~90%，在20℃条件下) 0.1% Vaisala HMP155 温度 -80~60℃ ±(0.176-0.0028×温度)℃(测量范围-80~20℃) 0.1℃ 相对湿度 0~100% ±1.7%(温度范围-20~40℃) 0.1% GPS探空仪 温度 -25~55℃ ±1℃ 0.1℃ 相对湿度 0~100% ±5% 0.1% 
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表 2 无人机飞行探测时间及时长
Table 2 Time and duration of UAV-borne AWS and GPS radiosonde
试验序号 飞行时间 飞行时长 天气状况 1 2020-08-02T10:10—11:14 64 min 晴，6级风 2 2020-08-04T14:07—14:44 37 min 晴，5级风 3 2020-08-05T08:29—09:25 56 min 雷阵雨前 4 2021-08-01T14:21—14:56 35 min 阴转多云 5 2021-08-03T11:26—12:28 62 min 阵雨后
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