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Quantitative Evaluation of Heat Island Effect in Chongqing Metropolitan Circle
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摘要: 结合夜间灯光数据、高程数据及地表分类数据, 提出一种针对山地城市郊区背景划分的方法, 并采用城乡二分法定量评估2001—2020年重庆市主城都市区热岛效应时空变化特征。结果显示传统缓冲区法和综合缓冲区法提取的郊区背景存在明显差异。利用传统缓冲区法提取郊区背景估算的热岛存在大量假热岛像元, 导致传统缓冲区法估算的热岛面积明显大于综合缓冲区法。综合缓冲区法估算结果表明:主城都市区热岛主要分布在中心城区、长寿区、涪陵区以及各区县驻地附近, 冷岛分布在东南部高海拔地区及中心城区部分山脉处。2001—2020年主城都市区热岛面积占比随时间呈波动上升趋势, 且具有明显的季节变化特征, 夏季最强、冬季最弱。Abstract: With global warming and rapid urbanization, urban climate is considered to be one important factor impacting urban ecological environment, and the most obvious feature of urban climate is the surface urban heat island(SUHI). The accurate division of rural reference area is critical in evaluating the intensity of SUHI in mountainous cities by urban-rural dichotomy. Therefore, a comprehensive method is proposed based on multi-source satellite remote sensing data to solve this problem, and the spatiotemporal variation of the SUHI in Chongqing metropolitan circle from 2001 to 2020 are analyzed. The results show that the spatial distribution of rural reference area obtained by the comprehensive buffer method is obviously different from that by the traditional buffer method, and the main cause is the limitation of the elevation difference between urban and rural reference area. There are a large number of "false SUHI" pixels in the SUHI product estimated by the traditional buffer method, which makes the surface urban heat island regions obtained by the traditional buffer method significantly larger than that by the comprehensive buffer method. The spatiotemporal distribution results show that the regions affected by the SUHI are concentrated in the core area of Chongqing, Changshou, Fuling and nearby regions, and the cold island are concentrated in the high-altitude areas in the southeast of Chongqing and some mountains in the core of Chongqing. The interannual variation of the SUHI shows that the proportion of areas above strong SUHI level increases with time from 2001 to 2020, and the SUHI is strong in summer and weak in winter. The proportion of strong SUHI area increased from 0.5% in 2001 to 2.95% in 2020, with an average annual growth rate of 0.12%. The proportion of intense heat island area increased from 0.21% in 2001 to 0.78% in 2019, with an average annual growth rate of 0.03%. The change of SUHI is closely related to urban development, and has a significant positive correlation with the economic driving factors such as the total population of the main city and metropolitan area, urban population, GDP, total energy consumption, urban built-up area and civil vehicle ownership. The correlation coefficients are 0.91, 0.94, 0.95, 0.94, 0.90 and 0.96, respectively, indicating that the driving factors of urban economy play an obvious role in promoting the change of SUHI intensity in the main metropolitan area.
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图 1 重庆市主城都市区数字高程和地表分类
Fig. 1 Digital elevation and land-cover of the metropolitan circle of Chongqing
图 2 传统缓冲区法和综合缓冲区法在5~25 km尺度下提取的主城都市区郊区背景空间分布
Fig. 2 Rural reference map of the metropolitan circle of Chongqing extracted at the scale from 5 km to 25 km based on traditional buffer algorithm and comprehensive buffer algorithm
图 3 2001—2020年传统缓冲区法和综合缓冲区法在25 km尺度下提取的重庆市主城都市区郊区背景面积、城区面积和夜间灯光指数大于15的区域面积
Fig. 3 Rural reference areas of the metropolitan circle of Chongqing extracted at 25 km scale by traditional buffer algorithm and comprehensive buffer algorithm, city area and area of nighttime light great than 15 from 2001 to 2020
图 4 传统缓冲区法和综合缓冲区法提取郊区背景估算的重庆市主城都市区城市热岛空间分布
Fig. 4 Spatial distribution of the surface urban heat island in the metropolitan circle of Chongqing estimated by traditional buffer algorithm and comprehensive buffer algorithm
图 5 2020年夏季郊区尺度从5 km增加到25 km重庆市主城都市区城市热岛空间变化
Fig. 5 Areas variation of the surface urban heat island in the metropolitan circle of Chongqing with buffer zone scale increasing from 5 km to 25 km in summer of 2020
图 6 2020年夏季不同郊区缓冲区尺度下重庆市主城都市区城市热岛等级面积
Fig. 6 Areas of different surface urban heat island level in the metropolitan circle of Chongqing at different buffer zone scales in summer of 2020
图 7 重庆市主城都市区城市热岛年平均空间分布
Fig. 7 Annual spatial distribution of surface urban heat island in the metropolitan areas of Chongqing
图 8 2001—2020年重庆市主城都市区较强热岛和强热岛面积随时间变化
Fig. 8 Area changes of surface urban heat island in the metropolitan areas of Chongqing from 2001 to 2020
图 9 2020年重庆市主城都市区城市热岛季节分布
Fig. 9 Seasonal spatial distribution of surface urban heat island in metropolitan circle of Chongqing in 2020
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