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Remote Sensing Study on Blue-sky Days in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei During the Period of 2000-2023
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摘要: 利用2000年12月—2023年12月卫星遥感反演的气溶胶光学厚度逐日资料, 结合2023年每日中午地面观测蓝天资料, 基于气溶胶光学厚度得到的蓝天等级监测指标, 分析2000—2023年京津冀地区蓝天日数的时空变化特征及其变化趋势。结果表明:2001—2023年京津冀蓝天日数年平均值分别为144.2 d·a-1、96.3 d·a-1和119.6 d·a-1, 北京蓝天日数最多, 河北次之, 天津最少。空间分布上, 河北北部年平均蓝天日数最多, 河北南部蓝天日数最少。京津冀蓝天日数具有明显季节变化, 冬季和秋季蓝天日数最多, 春季次之, 夏季最少。2001—2023年京津冀蓝天日数年平均值均呈显著增加趋势, 每10年分别增加18.1 d、22.3 d和16.3 d, 其中2001—2013年无显著趋势变化, 2013—2023年呈增加趋势, 每10年分别增加26.9 d、46.5 d和36.4 d。Abstract:
Blue sky often represents better air quality and lower air pollution. Using satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) data of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei Province from 2000 to 2023, combined with the blue-sky data observed at noon time in 2023, a blue-sky grade index is established based on satellite AOD, in which the monitoring index of blue-sky grade is the AOD at 550 nm less than 0.36, and that of deep blue-sky grade is the AOD at 550 nm less than 0.2.Spatial and temporal characteristics of blue-sky grade days in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region from 2000 to 2023 are investigated. Results show that the multi-year average blue-sky days in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei are 144.2 d·a-1, 96.3 d·a-1, and 119.6 d·a-1, respectively, with the highest number of blue-sky days for Beijing, followed by Hebei and the lowest number is recorded in Tianjin. In terms of spatial distribution, the northern part of Hebei has the highest annual average of blue-sky days, while the southern part of Hebei has the lowest number of blue-sky days. The number of blue-sky days in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei exhibits noticeable seasonal changes, with the highest number of blue-sky days in winter and autumn, followed by spring, and the lowest in summer.From 2001 to 2023, the average annual number of clear-sky days in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei takes on an increasing trend, with an increase of 18.1 d, 22.3 d and 16.3 d per decade, respectively. There is no significant trend change from 2001 to 2013. However, the annual average blue-sky days in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei from 2013 to 2023 all show increasing trends, with increments of 26.9 d, 46.5 d, and 36.4 d per decade, respectively. The annual average blue-sky days and deep blue-sky days in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei from 2013 to 2023 are higher than those in 2001-2013, with the annual average blue-sky days in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei of 153.5 d, 107.5 d, and 128.5 d, respectively, which are 17.5 d, 21.8 d, and 16.9 d higher than those in 2001-2013. It may be largely due to the implementation of regional air pollution prevention and control measures, which have led to a reduction in atmospheric particulate matter concentration since 2013.
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图 1 年550 nm AOD与蓝天日数直方图
Fig. 1 Histogram of AOD at 550 nm and number of blue-sky days in 2023
图 1 年550 nm AOD与蓝天日数直方图
Fig. 1 Histogram of AOD at 550 nm and number of blue-sky days in 2023
图 2 —2023年北京、天津和河北蓝天日数和深蓝等级日数
Fig. 2 Numbers of blue-sky days and deep blue-sky days for Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei during 2001-2023
图 2 —2023年北京、天津和河北蓝天日数和深蓝等级日数
Fig. 2 Numbers of blue-sky days and deep blue-sky days for Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei during 2001-2023
图 3 —2023年、2001—2013年和2013—2023年北京、天津和河北平均的蓝天日数和深蓝等级日数
Fig. 3 Numbers of blue-sky days and deep blue-sky days for Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei averaged in 2001-2023, 2001-2013 and 2013-2023
图 3 —2023年、2001—2013年和2013—2023年北京、天津和河北平均的蓝天日数和深蓝等级日数
Fig. 3 Numbers of blue-sky days and deep blue-sky days for Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei averaged in 2001-2023, 2001-2013 and 2013-2023
图 4 —2023年北京、天津和河北平均蓝天日数和深蓝等级日数空间分布及其变化趋势率(右下角小图中的灰色表示PMK<0.05)
Fig. 4 Climatic spatial distributions and corresponding Sen slopes of numbers of blue-sky days and deep blue-sky days for Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei during 2001-2023 (the grey color denotes PMK<0.05 in the small hatch)
图 4 —2023年北京、天津和河北平均蓝天日数和深蓝等级日数空间分布及其变化趋势率(右下角小图中的灰色表示PMK<0.05)
Fig. 4 Climatic spatial distributions and corresponding Sen slopes of numbers of blue-sky days and deep blue-sky days for Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei during 2001-2023 (the grey color denotes PMK<0.05 in the small hatch)
图 5 北京、天津和河北季节平均的蓝天日数和深蓝等级日数
Fig. 5 Numbers of seasonal blue-sky days and deep blue-sky days for Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei
图 5 北京、天津和河北季节平均的蓝天日数和深蓝等级日数
Fig. 5 Numbers of seasonal blue-sky days and deep blue-sky days for Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei
图 6 北京、天津和河北季节平均蓝天日数和深蓝等级日数年际变化
Fig. 6 Interannual variations of numbers of seasonal blue-sky days and deep blue-sky days for Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei
图 6 北京、天津和河北季节平均蓝天日数和深蓝等级日数年际变化
Fig. 6 Interannual variations of numbers of seasonal blue-sky days and deep blue-sky days for Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei
图 7 —2023年北京、天津和河北季节平均蓝天日数空间分布
Fig. 7 Spatial distribution of number of seasonal blue-sky days for Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei during 2000-2023
图 7 —2023年北京、天津和河北季节平均蓝天日数空间分布
Fig. 7 Spatial distribution of number of seasonal blue-sky days for Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei during 2000-2023
图 8 —2023年北京、天津和河北AOD年际变化
Fig. 8 Interannual variations of AOD for Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei during 2001-2023
图 8 —2023年北京、天津和河北AOD年际变化
Fig. 8 Interannual variations of AOD for Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei during 2001-2023
表 1 北京、天津和河北2001—2023年、2001—2013年和2013—2023年全年和季节的蓝天日数趋势率(单位：d·a-1)
Table 1 Sen slope (unit:d·a-1) of numbers of annual and seasonal blue-sky days for Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei during 2001-2023, 2001-2013 and 2013-2023
时段 2001—2023年 2001—2013年 2013—2023年 北京 天津 河北 北京 天津 河北 北京 天津 河北 全年 1.81** 2.23** 1.63** 1.67 0.189 0.62 2.69* 4.65** 3.64* 冬季 0.71 0.95* 0.67 0.81 0.07 0.63 1.59 2.46* 1.93 春季 0.39 0.33 0.36 -0.06 -0.07 -0.06 0.48 0.40 0.80 夏季 0.55** 0.49** 0.42** 0.53 0.14 0.34 0.45 1.05 0.73 秋季 0.16 0.29 0.28 0.19 0.16 -0.07 1.29 1.49* 1.24* 注：* *表示趋势率达到0.01水平的MK显著性检验，*表示达到0.05水平的MK显著性检验。 
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表 1 北京、天津和河北2001—2023年、2001—2013年和2013—2023年全年和季节的蓝天日数趋势率(单位：d·a-1)
Table 1 Sen slope (unit:d·a-1) of numbers of annual and seasonal blue-sky days for Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei during 2001-2023, 2001-2013 and 2013-2023
时段 2001—2023年 2001—2013年 2013—2023年 北京 天津 河北 北京 天津 河北 北京 天津 河北 全年 1.81** 2.23** 1.63** 1.67 0.189 0.62 2.69* 4.65** 3.64* 冬季 0.71 0.95* 0.67 0.81 0.07 0.63 1.59 2.46* 1.93 春季 0.39 0.33 0.36 -0.06 -0.07 -0.06 0.48 0.40 0.80 夏季 0.55** 0.49** 0.42** 0.53 0.14 0.34 0.45 1.05 0.73 秋季 0.16 0.29 0.28 0.19 0.16 -0.07 1.29 1.49* 1.24* 注：* *表示趋势率达到0.01水平的MK显著性检验，*表示达到0.05水平的MK显著性检验。
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