Vol.32, NO.6, 2021
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Article Navigation >  Journal of Applied Meteorological Science  > 2021  >  32(6): 706-719
Ma Xueqian, Guo Xueliang, Liu Na, et al. Aircraft measurements on properties of aerosols over the central and eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2021, 32(6): 706-719. DOI:  10.11898/1001-7313.20210606.
Citation: Ma Xueqian, Guo Xueliang, Liu Na, et al. Aircraft measurements on properties of aerosols over the central and eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2021, 32(6): 706-719. DOI:  10.11898/1001-7313.20210606.
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Aircraft Measurements on Properties of Aerosols over the Central and Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20210606
  • 1.

    Qinghai Province Weather Modification Office, Xining 810001

  • 2.

    Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029

  • Received Date: 2021-09-18
  • Rev Recd Date: 2021-10-20
  • Publish Date: 2021-11-23
    Abstract
  • The central and eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the birthplace of the Yellow River, the Yangtze River and the Lancang River. It is also a climate change sensitive area and a key ecological protection area. Based on observations of 11 sorties conducted in summer and autumn of 2011 and 2013, the vertical distribution of aerosol number concentration and number spectrum at Golmud, and the transport characteristics as well as the horizontal distribution and nucleation characteristics of aerosol number concentration and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentration at mid-altitude of the central and eastern Plateau are analyzed. The results indicate that the vertical and horizontal distributions of aerosol number concentration (Na) and volume diameter (Dv) in the central and eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are significantly different due to the influence of weather system, topography, and surface characteristics. The aerosol number concentration is high in the northwest and low in the southeast. The volume diameter is large in the lower layer, small in the upper layer, and there are dust layers in the middle and upper layers. Precipitation has clear effects on low-level aerosols when east wind prevails at Golmud, and the aerosol number concentration and volume diameter are significantly reduced. At the same time, due to plateau gale or convection, sand and dust layers also form at the middle and upper altitudes of 6.2 km and 7.2-7.4 km. The aerosol volume diameter of the lower layer is 1.8 μm mainly when westerly wind prevails, the number concentration increases with the increase of height and wind speed, the variation of aerosol volume diameter is small, and the sand and dust layer also appears at 6.2 km altitude. Under the influence of different weather systems over 6.5 km altitude, submicron particles are imported, and the number concentration even reaches 5×103 cm-3. Moreover, the aerosol number concentration and particle size imported at about 8.0 km altitude when east wind prevails are denser and smaller than those imported when west wind prevails, and the vertical distribution of spectrum also shows the same characteristics. The measurement of cloud condensation nuclei number concentration (Nccn) with different supersaturation shows that the mean nucleation rate is generally 1%-16%, except that the nucleation rate below 6 km altitude at Golmud is 21%-47%, and the nucleation rate at 6.0-8.5 km altitude is generally low. When the aerosol number concentration increases, the nucleation rate decreases significantly, and its value is relatively high with the supersaturation being 1%-2%, in the layer between -15 and -5℃ or the particle size of 1-3 μm.
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  • Fig. 1  Test field and its flight measurement area in the central and eastern of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

    (black solid lines denote rivers or lakes, virtual boxs denote test fields or flight measurement areas, the shaded denotes the terrain elevation)

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    Fig. 2  Vertical distribution and deviation of aerosol mean concentration and volume diameter with height under different wind directions and speeds at Golmud(the circle size represents the wind speed, the longitudinal line segment with different colors represents the variation of average number concentration or volume diameter within the wind direction with height, the transverse line segment represents the deviation of number concentration or volume diameter)(a)vertical distribution and deviation of aerosol mean concentration in prevailing east wind (0°~180°) or west wind (181°~360°), (b)vertical distribution and deviation of aerosol mean volume diameter in prevailing east wind (0°~180°) or west wind (181°~360°), (c)vertical distribution and deviation of aerosol mean concentration in southwest wind (181°~270°) or northwest wind (271°~360°), (d)vertical distribution and deviation of aerosol mean volume diameter in southwest wind (181°~270°) or northwest wind (271°~360°)

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    Fig. 3  Vertical distribution characteristics of aerosol mean spectrum at Golmud (a)0.1-3.0 μm measured by PCASP-100X, (b)0.6-50 μm measured by CAS forward scattering

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    Fig. 4  Distribution of aerosol mean effective diameter(De)(a) and mean number concentration(Na)(b) under different wind directions and speeds at Golmud

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    Fig. 5  Aerosol number concentration distribution with different effective diameter(a) and CCN number concentration distribution measured under different supersaturation conditions(b) on the flight lines of the test field

    (the circle size in Fig. 5a is the effective diameter of aerosol, the color code denotes aerosol number concentration;the circle size in Fig. 5b denotes supersaturation, the color code denotes CCN number concentration)

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    Fig. 6  Relationship between aerosol number concentration and nucleation rate under different supersaturation states(a), different temperature layer(b) and different effective diameter(c)

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    Table  1  Characteristics of four measurement areas in the central and eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

    观测区 地形平均高度/km 飞行观测垂直范围/km 人类活动特征 地表特征 夏秋季气流特征
    格尔木地区(A区) 2.9 2.8~8.5 盐湖、城镇、交通 盐碱、沙漠等 西或西北干冷空气
    长江源区(B区) 5.0 7.0~9.0 无人区、交通 草场、覆雪或岩石 西南或西风气流
    三江共源区(C区) 4.7 7.0~9.0 城镇、放牧、交通 草场、湿地、湖泊 西南暖湿气流
    黄河上游河曲地区(D区) 3.7 7.0~9.0 城镇、放牧、交通 草场、山脉、湿地 西南或偏南暖湿气流
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    Table  2  Overview of aircraft measurement experiments and weather conditions

    观测日期 观测时段 观测区 天气系统 Renold数 垂直观测范围/km 垂直观测温度范围/℃ 零度层位置/km
    2011-07-27 11:50—16:52 A, C 高压 5180~7781 4.4~8.4 -16~2 4.8
    2011-08-02 10:33—13:54 A, D 低涡 5179~5814 7.5~8.0 -18~-12
    2011-08-15 11:34—17:17 A, B, C 槽底 5357~5940 2.8~8.5 -13~18 4.9
    2011-08-20 12:29—19:22 A, B, C 西风 5097~5874 2.8~8.3 -16~23 5.1
    2011-09-16 09:33—16:55 A, D 槽后 5180~7174 3.4~7.9 -20~9 4.7
    2011-09-19 10:47—13:25 A, B 槽底 4707~8201 4.7~8.2 -18~1 4.8
    2013-09-01 11:15—17:08 A, C 槽后 4556~5595 2.8~8.3 -18~22 4.9
    2013-09-04 10:11—18:35 A, C, D 槽底 4558~5470 4.2~8.2 -21~1 4.4
    2013-09-06 10:40—19:32 A, C, D 低涡 4640~5354 2.8~8.2 -23~14 4.6
    2013-09-23 09:58—16:19 A, C, D 槽底 4582~5518 2.8~8.2 -28~12 4.2
    2013-09-25 10:41—17:30 A, C, D 槽底 4950~5460 2.8~8.2 -24~16 4.6
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    Table  3  Statistical characteristics of aerosol and CCN in each flight measurement field over the central and eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

    观测区 Na/cm-3 De/μm Nccn/cm-3 核化率/%
    0.07%~0.3% 0.3%~0.8% 0.8%~2.0%
    格尔木地区 不高于6 km 634 0.37 138 146 304 21~47
    高于6 km 2226 0.11 86 182 50 2~8
    长江源区 1453 0.107 82 102 35 2~7
    三江共源区 695 0.369 59 10 93 1~13
    黄河上游河曲地区 467 0.237 20 48 79 4~16
    青藏高原中东部 1488 0.232 47 128 147 3~10
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    • Received : 2021-09-18
    • Accepted : 2021-10-20
    • Published : 2021-11-23
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