| Citation: | Chen Xuejiao, Hua Jiajia, Pei Yujie, et al. S-band and X-band radar observation characteristics of EF2 tornado at Qingyuan of Baoding in 2021. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2024, 35(5): 564-576. DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20240505.
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Using multiple observations such as S-band radar (SPOL) in Shijiazhuang, X-band phased array radar (XPAR) in Xiong'an, and ground-based encrypted automatic stations, detection features and evolutions of EF2 tornado at Donglü Village, Qingyuan District of Baoding City Hebei Province on 21 July 2021 are studied. The tornado occurred within the center of high dew point values and in an area characterized by a significant temperature gradient. There are convergence lines within the center of high dew point temperatures and a temperature gradient zone. From perspectives of environmental conditions such as convective available potential energy (CAPE), 0-6 km vertical wind shear, and the lifting condensation level (LCL), there is a possibility for tornado occurrence. It is evident that the tornado formed within a low-vortex precipitation cloud system, showing significant divergence at high altitudes. The subsequent storm propagation leads to multiple single-cell mergers and a supercell formation. A significant reflectivity factor core moving from southeast to northwest is observed at the top of hook echo, corresponding to the tornado location. Both SPOL and XPAR detected continuous mesocyclones on average radial velocity images, with dimensions ranging from 1.4 to 4.2 km, and rotating speeds of 10-20 m·s-1, indicating weak mesocyclones with short durations (30-35 min). During tornado development, a decrease in the lower angle detection of adjacent rotational speed pairs coincides with mesocyclone downward extension to 1.2-1.4 km and its diameter shrinking to 0.8-1 km, indicating tornado formation. Tornado storm parameters show maximum rotation speed and vorticity at low levels, promoting its intensification. Compared with XPAR storm parameters, SPOL features a larger maximum reflectivity factor (noless than 55 dBZ) and a greater distribution height (8-10 km). The consistency of SPOL and XPAR in detecting the tornado location, radial velocity, and storm diameter is compared. On the radar radial velocity image, there are pairs of positive and negative velocity values arranged symmetrically along the radial direction. The echo top of XPAR radar is approximately 6 km higher than that of SPOL radar, and the peak time of XPAR echo coincides with the storm's appearance. The tornado vortex signature (TVS) reaches its strongest period from 1536 BT to 1542 BT, extending vertically up to 2-4 km.
Fig. 1 Photo of tornado at Donglü Village, Qingyuan District, Baoding City, Hebei Province on 21 Jul 2021
Fig. 1 Photo of tornado at Donglü Village, Qingyuan District, Baoding City, Hebei Province on 21 Jul 2021
Fig. 2 hPa geopotential height (the blue contour, unit: hPa), 500 hPa temperature (the red dashed line, unit: ℃) with 850 hPa wind (the barb) (a) and pressure (the blue contour, unit: hPa) with wind (the barb) at the surface(b) at 0800 BT 21 Jul 2021
Fig. 2 hPa geopotential height (the blue contour, unit: hPa), 500 hPa temperature (the red dashed line, unit: ℃) with 850 hPa wind (the barb) (a) and pressure (the blue contour, unit: hPa) with wind (the barb) at the surface(b) at 0800 BT 21 Jul 2021
Fig. 3 Time-height section of physical elements at Qingyuan Station from 0800 BT 21 Jul to 0800 BT 22 Jul in 2021 (the shaded denotes specific humidity, the curve denotes vertical velocity(unit: Pa·s-1) and the barb denotes wind)
Fig. 3 Time-height section of physical elements at Qingyuan Station from 0800 BT 21 Jul to 0800 BT 22 Jul in 2021 (the shaded denotes specific humidity, the curve denotes vertical velocity(unit: Pa·s-1) and the barb denotes wind)
Fig. 4 Hook shaped echoes over Donglü Village, Qingyuan at 0.5° elevtion of Shijiazhuang SPOL on 21 Jul 2021
Fig. 4 Hook shaped echoes over Donglü Village, Qingyuan at 0.5° elevtion of Shijiazhuang SPOL on 21 Jul 2021
Fig. 5 Reflectivity factor and radial velocity of SPOL at 1548 BT 21 Jul 2021
Fig. 5 Reflectivity factor and radial velocity of SPOL at 1548 BT 21 Jul 2021
Fig. 6 Comparison of combined reflectivity factor and radial velocity of SPOL at 1548 BT and XPAR at 1544 BT on 21 Jul 2021(a)combined reflectivity factor of SPOL, (b)combined reflectivity factor of XPAR, (c)radial velocity at 0.5° elevation of SPOL, (d)radial velocity at 3.0° elevation of XPAR
Fig. 6 Comparison of combined reflectivity factor and radial velocity of SPOL at 1548 BT and XPAR at 1544 BT on 21 Jul 2021(a)combined reflectivity factor of SPOL, (b)combined reflectivity factor of XPAR, (c)radial velocity at 0.5° elevation of SPOL, (d)radial velocity at 3.0° elevation of XPAR
Fig. 7 Radial velocity of XPAR at 155130 BT 21 Jul 2021
Fig. 7 Radial velocity of XPAR at 155130 BT 21 Jul 2021
Fig. 8 Tornado storm parameters of SPOL and XPAR from 1530 BT to 1600 BT on 21 Jul 2021(a)maximum reflectivity factor, (b)height of maximum reflectivity factor, (c)vertical integrated liquid water content, (d)echo top height
Fig. 8 Tornado storm parameters of SPOL and XPAR from 1530 BT to 1600 BT on 21 Jul 2021(a)maximum reflectivity factor, (b)height of maximum reflectivity factor, (c)vertical integrated liquid water content, (d)echo top height
Fig. 9 Maximum positive and negative velocities of mesocyclone with different elevation angles of SPOL and XPAR from 1530 BT to 1600 BT on 21 Jul 2021
Fig. 9 Maximum positive and negative velocities of mesocyclone with different elevation angles of SPOL and XPAR from 1530 BT to 1600 BT on 21 Jul 2021
Fig. 10 Low elevation rotation velocity and the maximum vorticity of mesocyclone from SPOL and XPAR on 21 Jul 2021
Fig. 10 Low elevation rotation velocity and the maximum vorticity of mesocyclone from SPOL and XPAR on 21 Jul 2021
Fig. 11 Mesocyclone(a) and TVS parameters(b) of XPAR on 21 Jul 2021
Fig. 11 Mesocyclone(a) and TVS parameters(b) of XPAR on 21 Jul 2021
Table 1 Statistical table of characteristic parameters of mesocyclone
| 仰角/(°) | 旋转速度/(m·s-1) | 涡度/s-1 | 直径/km | |||||||
| XPAR | SPOL | XPAR | SPOL | XPAR | SPOL | XPAR | SPOL | |||
| 0.0 | 0.5 | 12.8 | 11.0 | 12.4 | 10.4 | 4.8 | 4.7 | |||
| 1.5 | 1.5 | 13.2 | 11.1 | 13.0 | 9.1 | 4.9 | 5.1 | |||
| 3.0 | 2.4 | 13.8 | 8.8 | 12.0 | 8.0 | 5.3 | 4.6 | |||
| 4.5 | 3.4 | 13.6 | 7.1 | 12.2 | 9.3 | 5.3 | 3.8 | |||
| 6.0 | 4.3 | 13.6 | 8.3 | 10.5 | 8.5 | 6.1 | 3.6 | |||
| 7.5 | 6.0 | 12.5 | 5.8 | 11.6 | 3.8 | 5.2 | 5.8 | |||
DownLoad: Download CSV
Table 1 Statistical table of characteristic parameters of mesocyclone
| 仰角/(°) | 旋转速度/(m·s-1) | 涡度/s-1 | 直径/km | |||||||
| XPAR | SPOL | XPAR | SPOL | XPAR | SPOL | XPAR | SPOL | |||
| 0.0 | 0.5 | 12.8 | 11.0 | 12.4 | 10.4 | 4.8 | 4.7 | |||
| 1.5 | 1.5 | 13.2 | 11.1 | 13.0 | 9.1 | 4.9 | 5.1 | |||
| 3.0 | 2.4 | 13.8 | 8.8 | 12.0 | 8.0 | 5.3 | 4.6 | |||
| 4.5 | 3.4 | 13.6 | 7.1 | 12.2 | 9.3 | 5.3 | 3.8 | |||
| 6.0 | 4.3 | 13.6 | 8.3 | 10.5 | 8.5 | 6.1 | 3.6 | |||
| 7.5 | 6.0 | 12.5 | 5.8 | 11.6 | 3.8 | 5.2 | 5.8 | |||
DownLoad: Download CSV
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Figures(22) / Tables(2)
