Vol.35, NO.5, 2024
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Article Navigation >  Journal of Applied Meteorological Science  > 2024  >  35(5): 577-589
Feng Jinqin, Pan Jiawen, He Qingfang, et al. Characteristics and evolution of radar polarization during extremely persistent heavy rainfall. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2024, 35(5): 577-589. DOI:  10.11898/1001-7313.20240506.
Citation: Feng Jinqin, Pan Jiawen, He Qingfang, et al. Characteristics and evolution of radar polarization during extremely persistent heavy rainfall. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2024, 35(5): 577-589. DOI:  10.11898/1001-7313.20240506.
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Characteristics and Evolution of Radar Polarization During Extremely Persistent Heavy Rainfall

DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20240506
  • 1.

    Longyan Meteorology Bureau of Fujian, Longyan 364000

  • 2.

    Fujian Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Fuzhou 350001

  • 3.

    Xiamen Key Laboratory of Straits Meteorology, Xiamen 361012

  • Received Date: 2024-04-19
  • Rev Recd Date: 2024-07-23
  • Publish Date: 2024-09-30
    Abstract
  • Based on data of S-band dual-polarization Doppler radar, automatic weather station, disdrometer, 2-D lightning locator and Doppler radar wind field retrieval method, mesoscale structure and cloud microphysical characteristics of an extremely persistent heavy rainfall occurred in southwest Fujian on 27 May 2022 are analyzed. Results indicate that the event takes place under the southwest flow on the south side of the low-level shear. Sufficient water vapor, moderate unsteady convective stratification, low lifting condensation height, and convective condensation height over the rainstorm area are all favorable for producing high-efficiency heavy rainfall. Strong echoes (no less than 45 dBZ) persist over the rainstorm area during heavy rainfall. The strong echo center is concentrated on the windward side of the mountain, located at the contraction of the topography of the trumpet opening to the southwest. The wind field retrieval shows that the strong echo persists for an extended period at the convergence of wind speed and the convergence of southerly and northerly airflow. During the first two stages, a strong echo continuously moves into the rainstorm area from the west, generating the train effect of backward propagation. In the third stage, the strong echo moves southeast under the guidance of northeast winds at the middle and upper levels. This process is dominated by oceanic convective rainfall and warm rain. Heavy rainfall is primarily composed of raindrop particles with high concentration and small scale. The lower layer is primarily composed of raindrop particles with high concentration and smaller scales. Raindrop particles in the middle layer are larger than those in the lower layer. Due to strong upward motion, negative flashes occur when graupel particles above 0 ℃ layer collide with ice crystals during the second stage. Due to the ice phase process, large ice phase particles like graupel particles fall, melt, coalesce, and merge with smaller raindrops, resulting in the formation of larger raindrops and the production of highly efficient rainfall. The development of KDP above 0 ℃ layer indicates an increase in rainfall, forecasting an advance of 6-20 minutes for the strengthening of relative surface ground rainfall. A large number of raindrop particles are primarily concentrated at the confluence of air currents. Hydrometeor accumulates here. The prolonged and intense echo causes the accumulation of water condensate over an extended period, ultimately causing heavy rainfall. There are high concentrations of raindrop particles in the middle and lower layers. The high value of ZDR is mostly concentrated in the middle layer updraft area. The high-value ZDR area and the high-value KDP area do not completely overlap. The distribution of ZDR is wider than that of KDP. Large raindrops break into small raindrops as they fall, increasing the number of raindrop particles.
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  • Fig. 1  Distribution of observation instruments and terrain height

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    Fig. 1  Distribution of observation instruments and terrain height

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    Fig. 2  Rainfall from 2100 BT 26 May to 0700 BT 27 May in 2022

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    Fig. 2  Rainfall from 2100 BT 26 May to 0700 BT 27 May in 2022

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    Fig. 3  Rainfall in 5 min (the bar) with 1 h moving accumulated rainfall (the line) (a) and hourly rainfall(b) at Shifang Station from 2100 BT 26 May to 0700 BT 27 May in 2022

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    Fig. 3  Rainfall in 5 min (the bar) with 1 h moving accumulated rainfall (the line) (a) and hourly rainfall(b) at Shifang Station from 2100 BT 26 May to 0700 BT 27 May in 2022

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    Fig. 4  Evolution of composite reflectivity of Longyan Radar from 26 May to 27 May in 2022 (line AB and line CD denote positions of vertical profile of Fig. 5 and line EF denote positions of vertical profile in Fig. 6 and Fig. 10)

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    Fig. 4  Evolution of composite reflectivity of Longyan Radar from 26 May to 27 May in 2022 (line AB and line CD denote positions of vertical profile of Fig. 5 and line EF denote positions of vertical profile in Fig. 6 and Fig. 10)

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    Fig. 5  Time-distance Hovmölller diagrams of composite reflectivity along line AB and line CD in Fig. 4 of Longyan Radar from 2200 BT 26 May to 0300 BT 27 May in 2022

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    Fig. 5  Time-distance Hovmölller diagrams of composite reflectivity along line AB and line CD in Fig. 4 of Longyan Radar from 2200 BT 26 May to 0300 BT 27 May in 2022

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    Fig. 6  Sections of ZH, ZDR and KDP from 26 May to 27 May in 2022 along line EF in Fig. 4

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    Fig. 6  Sections of ZH, ZDR and KDP from 26 May to 27 May in 2022 along line EF in Fig. 4

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    Fig. 7  Raindrop spectrum of Shanghang Station and Wuping Station on 27 May 2022

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    Fig. 7  Raindrop spectrum of Shanghang Station and Wuping Station on 27 May 2022

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    Fig. 8  Flash frequency and intensity from 0000 BT to 0300 BT on 27 May 2022

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    Fig. 8  Flash frequency and intensity from 0000 BT to 0300 BT on 27 May 2022

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    Fig. 9  ZH, ZDR and KDP (the shaded) and wind field (the vector) at 3.5 km altitude from 26 May to 27 May in 2022

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    Fig. 9  ZH, ZDR and KDP (the shaded) and wind field (the vector) at 3.5 km altitude from 26 May to 27 May in 2022

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    Fig. 10  Sections of ZH, ZDR and KDP (the shaded) and wind field (the vector) along line EF in Fig. 4 from 26 May to 27 May in 2022

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    Fig. 10  Sections of ZH, ZDR and KDP (the shaded) and wind field (the vector) along line EF in Fig. 4 from 26 May to 27 May in 2022

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    • Received : 2024-04-19
    • Accepted : 2024-07-23
    • Published : 2024-09-30
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