Componential Characteristics and Sources Identification of PM<sub>2.5</sub> in Beijing

Xu Jing; Ding Guoan; Yan Peng; Wang Shufeng; Meng Zhaoyang; Zhang Yangmei; Liu Yuche; Zhang Xiaoling; Xu Xiangde

Vol.18, NO.5, 2007

Article Contents

Article Navigation > Journal of Applied Meteorological Science > 2007 > 18(5): 645-654

Xu Jing, Ding Guoan, Yan Peng, et al. Componential characteristics and sources identification of PM2.5 in Beijing. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2007, 18(5): 645-654.

Citation:

Xu Jing, Ding Guoan, Yan Peng, et al. Componential characteristics and sources identification of PM_2.5 in Beijing. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2007, 18(5): 645-654.

Xu Jing, Ding Guoan, Yan Peng, et al. Componential characteristics and sources identification of PM2.5 in Beijing. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2007, 18(5): 645-654.

Citation:

Xu Jing, Ding Guoan, Yan Peng, et al. Componential characteristics and sources identification of PM_2.5 in Beijing. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2007, 18(5): 645-654.

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Componential Characteristics and Sources Identification of PM_2.5 in Beijing

1.
Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Center for Watch and Services , CMA , Beijing 10081
2.
Institute of Urban Meteorology, CMA, Atmosperic compositions watch and Analysis Center, BMB, Beijing 100089

Received Date: 2006-06-21
Rev Recd Date: 2007-01-07
Publish Date: 2007-10-31

Abstract

Abstract

Statistic analysis is made of the characters of the mass concentrations and chemical compositions of PM_2.5 in Beijing, based on the observations during the period of 2003 to 2004. It is found that the mean concentration of PM_2.5 shows the lowest value in summer, while it reaches the maximum of year in winter and spring. Moreover, the daily average mass concentration of PM_2.5 in summer is 71 μg/m³, which is lower than that in other seasons of about 110 μg/m³. The yearly average mass concentration of PM_2.5 is 100 μg/m³, which is much higher than the U S Air Quality Standard for yearly average mass concentration of PM_2.5 of 15 μg/m³. Then, the relationship of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ is discussed. The mean ratio of PM_2.5 to PM₁₀ is 0.55 for the whole year, which is close to the values in previous research for other cities including Guangzhou, Wuhan, Chongqing and Lanzhou in China. In addition, the mean ratio of PM_2.5 to PM₁₀ is 0.62 and 0.52 for the heating and non heating season respectively. It shows a slightly high trend in the heating period. Seasonal characteristics of the ratio of PM_2.5 to PM₁₀ is 0.3—0.6 in summer, 0.3—0.8 in spring and autumn, and 0.4—0.9 in winter. The results indicate that diurnal ratio of PM_2.5 to PM₁₀ responds to the meteorological conditions and the anthropogenic activities. Sand dust weather and daily traffic lead to the increase in concentration of coarse particles more rapidly than that of fine particles in atmosphere. As a result, the ratio of PM_2.5 to PM₁₀ decreases. On the other hand, the house heating in winter and the photochemical reaction in summer cause the increase in the ratio of PM_2.5 to PM₁₀ as well. Furthermore, the analysis to meteorological factors reveals that the change of the concentration of PM_2.5 is well related to pressure, relative humidity, and wind speed. In addition to the positive correlation with humidity, the mass concentration of PM_2.5 is negatively correlated with wind and pressure except in summer. Finally, the sources of PM_2.5 are analyzed by using the method of positive matrix factorization. It is found that SO₄^2-, NO₃^- and NH4+ are the primary water soluble ions in PM_2.5 in Beijing. Moreover, five sources of PM_2.5 in Beijing are identified. They are soil dust, coal combustion, traffic, sea salt aerosol and steel production. Compared with the results of previous research in sources identification of aerosol in Beijing, some conclusions are made. Firstly, soil dust and coal combustion have been the primary sources since 1980 s, while the contribution of traffic emission to fine particles has grown gradually from 1983 to 2001. Secondly, the effects of a number of sources including coal combustion, sea salt aerosol, biofuel combustion and second aerosol, on PM_2.5 vary with seasons. Thirdly, the process of transportation affects the composition of PM_2.5 distinctly, and the characteristic element of PM_2.5 from special sources related with the wind direction closely. Besides, the results of sources identification to PM_2.5 in Beijing area are different in different sites and periods. As a result, selecting representative sites and observing period for the study is very important.
- Beijing area;
- PM_2.5;
- element;
- PMF

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References(31)

Figures and Tables

图 1 2003年PM_2.5与PM₁₀比值逐日变化

Fig. 1 Annual ratio of P M2. 5 to PM₁₀

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图 2 各季PM_2.5与PM₁₀比值日变化

Fig. 2 Diurnal ratio of PM_2.5 to PM₁₀ in each season

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图 3 各季PM_2.5质量浓度与气象条件的相关性

Fig. 3 Correlation between PM_2.5 mass concentration and meteorological condition in each season

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图 4 非采暖期元素因子分析结果

Fig. 4 Results of PMF analysis of element during non-heating period

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图 5 采暖期元素因子分析结果

Fig. 5 Results of PMF analysis of element during heating period

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图 6 非采暖期离子因子分析结果

Fig. 6 Results of PMF analysis of ion during non-heating period

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图 7 采暖期离子因子分析结果

Fig. 7 Results of PMF analysis of ion during heating period

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表 1 各季PM2. 5浓度日平均状况

Table 1 Daily average mass concentration of PM2. 5 in each season

表 2 PM2. 5与PM10比值比较

Table 2 Ratio of PM2.5 to PM10

表 3 细粒子中元素年平均浓度比较(单位: μg/m³)

Table 3 Yearly average mass concentration of elements of PM2.5(unit:μg/m³)

表 4 北京地区气溶胶来源解析

Table 4 Comparison of sources identification results of aerosol in Beijing

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