[1] Kasemir H W.A contribution to the electrostatic theory of a lightning discharge.J Geophys Res, 1960, 65(7):1873-1878, DOI: 10.1029/JZ065i007p01873.
[2] Mazur V, Fisher B D, Gerlach J C.Lightning strikes to an airplane in a thunderstorm.J Aircraft, 1984, 21(8):607-611, DOI: 10.2514/3.45030.
[3] Mazur V.Triggered lightning strikes to aircraft and natural intracloud discharges.J Geophys Res, 1989, 94(D3):3311-3325, DOI: 10.1029/JD094iD03p03311.
[4] Castellani A, Bondiou-Clergerie A, Lalande P, et al.Laboratory study of the bi-leader process from an electrically floating conductor.Ⅰ.General results, science, measurement and technology.IEE Proceedings, 1998, 145(5):185-192, DOI: 10.1049/ip-smt:19982206.
[5] Chen M L, Watanabe T, Takagi N, et al.Simultaneous observations of optical and electrical signals in altitude-triggered negative lightning flashes.J Geophys Res, 2003, 108(D8), DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002676.
[6] Rakov V A, Uman M A, Rambo K J, et al.New insights into lightning processes gained from triggered-lightning experiments in Florida and Alabama.J Geophys Res, 1998, 103(D12):14117-14130, DOI: 10.1029/97JD02149.
[7] Saba M M F, Schumann C, Warner T A, et al.High-speed video and electric field observation of a negative upward leader connecting a downward positive leader in a positive cloud-to-ground flash.Electric Power Systems Research, 2015, 118(Suppl Ⅰ):89-92, DOI: 10.1016/j.epsr.2014.06.002.
[8] Montanyà J, Oscar V D V, Williams E R.The start of lightning:evidence of bidirectional lightning initiation.Scientific Reports, 2015, 5:15180, DOI: 10.1038/srep15180.
[9] Tran M D, Rakov V A.Initiation and propagation of cloud-to-ground lightning observed with a high-speed video camera.Scientific Reports, 2016, 6(1):39521, DOI: 10.1038/srep39521.
[10] 张义军, 周秀骥.雷电研究的回顾和进展.应用气象学报, 2006, 17(6):829-834. http://qikan.camscma.cn/jamsweb/article/id/200606130
[11] Mazur V, Ruhnke L H.Model of electric charges in thunderstorms and associated lightning.J Geophys Res Atmos, 1998, 103(D18), DOI: 10.1029/98JD02120.
[12] Iudin D I, Rakov V A, Mareev E A, et al.Advanced numerical model of lightning development:Application to studying the role of lpcr in determining lightning type.J Geophys Res Atmos, 2017, 122:6416-6430, DOI: 10.1002/2016JD026261.
[13] Jiang R, Wu Z, Qie X, et al.High-speed video evidence of a dart leader with bidirectional development.Geophys Res Lett, 2014, 41:5246-5250, DOI: 10.1002/2014GL060585.
[14] Qie X, Pu Y, Jiang R, et al.Bidirectional leader development in a preexisting channel as observed in rocket-triggered lightning flashes.J Geophys Res Atmos, 2017, 122:586-599, DOI: 10.1002/2016JD025224.
[15] Wu B, Lyu W, Qi Q, et al.High-speed video observations of recoil leaders producing and not producing return strokes in a Canton-Tower upward flash.Geophys Res Lett, 2019, 46:8546-8553, DOI: 10.1029/2019GL083862.
[16] Berger K.Novel observations on lightning discharges:Results of research on Mount San Salvatore.Journal of the Franklin Institute, 1967, 283:478-525, DOI: 10.1016/0016-0032(67)90598-4.
[17] Orville R E, Huffines G R.Lightning Ground Flash Measurements over the Contiguous United States: A Ten-year Summary 1989-1998//Proc 11th Int Conf on Atmosph Elec, 1999: 412-415.
[18] 李俊, 张义军, 吕伟涛, 等.一次多回击自然闪电的高速摄像观测.应用气象学报, 2008, 19(4):401-411. http://qikan.camscma.cn/jamsweb/article/id/20080403
[19] 李俊, 吕伟涛, 张义军, 等.一次多分叉多接地的空中触发闪电过程.应用气象学报, 2010, 21(1):95-100. http://qikan.camscma.cn/jamsweb/article/id/20100113
[20] Biagi C J, Jordan D M.High-speed video observations of rocket-and-wire initiated lightning.Geophys Res Lett, 2009, 36, L15801, DOI: 10.1029/2009GL038525.
[21] Biagi C J, Uman M A.Negative leader step mechanisms observed in altitude triggered lightning.J Geophys Res Atmos, 2014, 119:8160-8168, DOI: 10.1002/2013JD020281.
[22] Gamerota W R, Idone V P, Uman M A, et al.Dart-stepped-leader step formation in triggered lightning.Geophys Res Lett, 2014, 41:2204-2211, DOI: 10.1002/2014GL059627.
[23] Hill J D, Uman M A, Jordan D M.High-speed video observations of a lightning stepped leader.J Geophys Res, 2011, 116, D16117, DOI: 10.1029/2011JD015818.
[24] Qi Q, Lu W, Ma Y, et al.High-speed video observations of the fine structure of a natural negative stepped leader at close distance.Atmos Res, 2016, 178/179, 260-267, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.03.027.
[25] Berger K, Vogelsanger E.Photographische blitzuntersuchungen der jahre 1955-1965 auf dem Monte San Salvatore.Bulletin des Schweizerischen Elektrotechnischen Vereins, 1966, 57(1):599-620.
[26] Wang Z, Qie X, Jiang R, et al.High-speed video observation of stepwise propagation of a natural upward positive leader.J Geophys Res Atmos, 2016, 121, DOI: 10.1002/2016JD025605.
[27] Kostinskiy A Y, Syssoev V S, Bogatov N A, et al.Abrupt elongation (stepping) of negative and positive leaders culminating in an intense corona streamer burst:Observations in long sparks and implications for lightning.J Geophys Res Atmos, 2018, 123:5360-5375, DOI: 10.1029/2017JD027997.
[28] Lu W, Chen L, Ma Y, et al.Lightning attachment process involving connection of the downward negative leader to the lateral surface of the upward connecting leader.Geophys Res Lett, 2013, 40:5531-5535, DOI: 10.1002/2013GL058060.
[29] Lu W, Chen L, Zhang Y, et al.Characteristics of unconnected upward leaders initiated from tall structures observed in Guangzhou.J Geophys Res, 2012, 117, D19211, DOI: 10.1029/2012JD018035.
[30] Qi Q, Lyu W, Wu B, et al. Three-dimensional optical observations of an upward lightning triggered by positive cloud-to-ground lightning.Atmos Res, 2018, 214:275-283, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.08.003.
[31] 王智敏, 吕伟涛, 陈绿文, 等.2011-2012年广州高建筑物雷电磁场特征统计.应用气象学报, 2015, 26(1):87-94. doi:  10.11898/1001-7313.20150109
[32] 吴姗姗, 吕伟涛, 齐奇, 等.基于光学资料的广州塔附近下行地闪特征.应用气象学报, 2019, 30(2):203-210. doi:  10.11898/1001-7313.20190207
[33] 武斌, 吕伟涛, 齐奇, 等.一次正地闪触发两个并发上行闪电的光电观测.应用气象学报, 2019, 30(3):3-12. doi:  10.11898/1001-7313.20190301
[34] 吕伟涛, 陈绿文, 马颖, 等.广州高建筑物雷电观测与研究10年进站.应用气象学报, 2020, 31(2):129-145. doi:  10.11898/1001-7313.20200201
[35] 齐奇, 吕伟涛, 武斌, 等.广州不同高建筑物上闪击距离的二维光学观测.应用气象学报, 2020, 31(2):156-164. doi:  10.11898/1001-7313.20200203
[36] Lv W, Ma Y, Zhang Y, et al.Total-sky Lightning Event Observation System and Method: US Patent.US8902312 B2.2014-12-02.
[37] Wang D, Takagi N, Gamerota W R, et al.Initiation processes of return strokes in rocket-triggered lightning.J Geophys Res Atmos, 2013, 118(17):9880-9888, DOI: 10.1002/jgrd.50766.
[38] 陈绿文, 吕伟涛, 马颖, 等.粤港澳闪电定位系统对高建筑物雷电的探测结果分析.应用气象学报, 2020, 31(2):165-174. doi:  10.11898/1001-7313.20200204
[39] Rakov V A, Uman M A.Lightning:Physics and Effects.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2003.
[40] Saba M M F, Schumann C, Warner T A, et al.Upward lightning flashes characteristics from high-speed videos.J Geophys Res Atmos, 2016, 121:8493-8505, DOI: 10.1002/2016JD025137.
[41] Wang D, Takagi N, Watanabe T, et al.Observed characteristics of upward leaders that are initiated from a windmill and its lightning protection tower.Geophys Res Lett, 2008, 35, L02803, DOI: 10.1029/2007GL032136.
[42] Yoshida S, Biagi C J, Rakov V A, et al.The initial stage processes of rocket-wire triggered lightning as observed by VHF interferometry.J Geophys Res Atmos, 2012, 117, D09119, DOI:10.1029/2012JD 017657.
[43] Pilkey J T.The Physics of Lightning Studied Using Lightning Mapping Array, Electric Field, and Optical Measurements.Florida: University of Florida, 2014.
[44] Montanyà J, van der Velde O, Williams E R.The start of lightning:Evidence of bidirectional lightning initiation.Scientific Reports, 2015, 15180, DOI: 10.1038/srep15180.
[45] Warner T A, Saba M M F, Schumann C, et al.Observations of bidirectional lightning leader initiation and development near positive leader channels.J Geophys Res Atmos, 2016, 121:9251-9260, DOI: 10.1002/2016JD025365.
[46] Yuan S, Jiang R, Qie X, et al.Development of side bidirectional leader and its effect on channel branching of the progressing positive leader of lightning.Geophys Res Lett, 2019, 46:1746-1753, DOI: 10.1029/2018GL08071.
[47] Stock M G, Krehbiel P R, Lapierre J, et al.Fast positive breakdown in lightning.J Geophys Res Atmos, 2017, 122:8135-8152, DOI: 10.1002/2016jd025909.