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Precipitation Characteristics in Tropical Cyclone Katrina Using TRMM Precipitation Radar
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摘要: 利用TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) 卫星降水雷达 (Precipitation Radar，PR) 资料对2005年8月发生在墨西哥湾的热带气旋卡特里娜 (Katrina) 初生、发展和变性3个阶段的层状云和对流云的近地面降水和降水垂直廓线进行分析。结果表明：在热带气旋的整个生命期，对流性降水个数约是层状云降水个数的四分之一；随着气旋的发展，对流性和层状云降水的平均强度逐渐增强, 在登陆前有所减弱，登陆后对流性降水和总平均降水均增强，层状云降水稍有减弱；大部分降水廓线都随高度升高均呈现先略增大 (到4 km高度)、再减小的趋势，在6~7 km处由于冻结层的存在使得降水达到最小值。Abstract: Tropical cyclone is a primary disastrous synoptic system in China. Its monitoring mainly depends on optical data, i.e., visible and infrared data. These sensors observe the albedo and temperature of cloud top which is somewhat related with the precipitation, but leave the precipitation particles inside the precipitation-cloud system unseen. Fortunately, the microwave sensor can penetrate into the cloud and sense precipitation particles in and even below the cloud system, and observe precipitation more directly.Based on TRMM PR (Precipitation Radar) product, 6 orbit data in four days covering the main part of the cyclone are analyzed to study the characteristics of near-surface precipitation and vertical precipitation profile of stratiform and convective cloud in nascent, developing, and recessionary stages of the cyclone Katrina. Results indicate that the convective rain percent is 15%—22% and stratiform rain occupies 78%—85%. The average stratiform rain rate is 2.7—5.9 mm·h-1, the convective rain rate is 7.7—17.5 mm·h-1, and the total rain rate is 3.5—7.7 mm·h-1. During the life cycle of the cyclone, the pixel number with convective rain is one fourth of stratiform one's, while the average intensity/rain rate of convective rain is four times of stratiform rain. The average rain rates of convective and stratiform precipitation gets larger along with the developing of cyclone, gets a little weaker just before landing, and enhances after landing except that stratiform rain become a little weaker.During nascent stage, weak precipitation of 1—2 mm·h-1 is dominant, and there are no pixels with rain rate larger than 31 mm·h-1. During developing stages, the rain rate intensifies. More rain pixels appear, some with very high rain intensity. After landing, because of the strong friction effects with land surface, the proportion of pixels with rain rate between 5—10 mm·h-1 increases, and the pixel number with rain is almost doubled except the ones between 30—50 mm·h-1 becoming a little less.During the nascent and recessionary stages, the max precipitation height is 10 km. During the developing stages, it reaches as high as 16 km. Most precipitation profiles vary first larger (to 4 km) then smaller with height, and reach minimum at 6—7 km because of the freezing level. The profiles of nascent and recessionary stages diminish equably with height. The profiles of developing stages vary very uneven with height because of the violent upwelling airflow in cyclone. The analyses on TRMM data provide a perception to precipitation type, horizontal distribution, and intensity of data-sparse oceanic tropical cyclone where conventional radiosonde measurements are not available. These results are useful information for future quantificational precipitation retrieval of cyclone.
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Key words:
- TRMM;
- precipitation radar;
- tropical cyclone;
- Katrina;
- precipitation
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图 1 TRMM/TMI 85 GHz的亮温图像 (1B11产品)
(a)2005年8月25日降轨，(b)2005年8月27日降轨，(c)2005年8月27日升轨，(d)2005年8月28日降轨，(e)2005年8月29日降轨，(f)2005年8月29日升轨
Fig. 1 TRMM/TMI brightness temperature images at 85 GHz channel
(a) descending orbit on 25 Aug 2005, (b) descending orbit on 27 Aug 2005, (c) ascending orbit on 27 Aug 2005, (d) descending orbit on 28 Aug 2005, (e) descending orbit on 29 Aug 2005, (f) ascending orbit on 29 Aug 2005
图 2 TRMM/PR 2 km高度降水强度图像 (2A25产品)
(a)2005年8月25日降轨，(b)2005年8月27日降轨，(c)2005年8月27日升轨，(d)2005年8月28日降轨，(e)2005年8月29日降轨，(f)2005年8月29日升轨
Fig. 2 TRMM/PR 2-kilometer rain intensity images (2A25 product)
(a) descending orbit on 25 Aug 2005, (b) descending orbit on 27 Aug 2005, (c) ascending orbit on 27 Aug 2005, (d) descending orbit on 28 Aug 2005, (e) descending orbit on 29 Aug 2005, (f) ascending orbit on 29 Aug 2005
图 3 TRMM/PR 2 km高度热带气旋降水强度直方图
(a)2005年8月25—29日降水强度直方图，(b) 不同阶段降水强度直方图
Fig. 3 TRMM/PR 2-kilometer rain intensity histogram (a) rain intensity histogram during 25—29 Aug 2005, (b) rain rate histogram in three developing stages of tropical cyclone
图 4 热带气旋不同阶段TRMM/PR 2 km高度降水强度归一化直方图
Fig. 4 TRMM/PR 2-kilometer rain intensity normalized histograms in three developing stages of tropical cyclone
图 5 TRMM/PR 2 km高度热带气旋不同阶段降水强度分布直方图
Fig. 5 TRMM/PR 2-kilometer rain intensity histograms in three stages of the tropical cyclone
图 6 根据TRMM/PR的降水廓线产品推导的2005年8月层状云降水的平均垂直廓线
Fig. 6 Averaged vertical rain intensity profiles of stratiform rain based on the TRMM/PR rain profile product in Aug 2005
图 7 根据TRMM/PR的降水廓线产品推导的2005年8月对流性降水的平均垂直廓线
Fig. 7 Averaged vertical rain intensity profiles of convective rain based on the TRMM/PR rain profile product in Aug 2005
图 8 TRMM/PR反演的2005年8月发生降水的像元样本变化
Fig. 8 TRMM/PR retrieved pixels number with rain fall in Aug 2005
图 9 TRMM/PR反演的热带气旋发展阶段平均降水强度廓线图
Fig. 9 TRMM/PR retrieved averaged precipitation vertical profiles in developing stages of the tropical cyclone
表 1 2005年热带气旋卡特里娜影响区域层状云和对流性降水特征
Table 1 Features of stratiform and convective rainfall over the area impacted by tropical cyclone Katriana in 2005
参数 08-25降轨 08-27降轨 08-27升轨 08-28降轨 08-29降轨 08-29升轨 PnStr/% 84.42 81.04 77.85 84.47 84.85 81.16 PnCov/% 15.58 18.96 22.15 15.53 15.15 18.84 PiStr/% 65.34 53.21 45.71 64.54 65.76 52.64 PiCov/% 34.66 46.79 54.29 35.46 34.24 47.36 IStrAvg/(mm·h-1) 2.67 2.67 3.16 5.86 4.97 4.58 ICovAvg/(mm·h-1) 7.68 10.04 13.2 17.49 14.49 17.74 IAvgAll/(mm·h-1) 3.45 4.07 5.39 7.66 6.42 7.06 
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