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The Ideal Density and Distribution of China Climate Network for Monitoring Surface Climate Change
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摘要: 以我国大陆2416个气象观测站点组成的站网为参考，以观测序列的相关性表示对气候变化信号的监测能力，分析不同地区单位经纬度网格内站点数对信号监测能力的影响，得到特定监测能力要求下所需的站点数，为大尺度气候观测站网的站点设置提供科学依据。对2.5°×2.5°网格来说，当要求子集站网气温序列与标准站网气温序列相关系数超过0.99和0.95时，所需的站点数分别为750和377；当要求子集站网降水量序列与标准站网降水量序列的相关系数超过0.95和0.90时，需要的站点数分别为670和417。对2.5°×3.5°和5.0°×5.0°经纬度网格的分析发现，对站点数量要求较高的区域大部分是地形过渡区，一般来说，降水量观测对站点密度的要求高于气温。Abstract: The China national climate observation network composed of 2416 stations are taken as the reference station network, and correlations of surface air temperature series precipitation series between the reference station network and analyzed station network are used to investigate the monitoring ability for surface climate change. The relationships between the monitoring requirements and the station number are analyzed for 2.5°by 2.5°, 2.5°by 3.5°, 5.0°by 5.0° latitude/longitude grid cells. Results show that the needed amount of stations decreases rapidly with the lowing of ability (standard) required for monitoring. Taking 2.5° by 2.5° grid cell for example, the needed amount of stations decreases from 750 to 377 when the monitoring requirements for temperature change from 0.99 to 0.95, and the needed amount of stations decreases from 670 to 417 when the monitoring requirements for precipitation change from 0.95 and 0.90. With the increase of grid cells, fewer stations are needed for the same monitoring requirement. In areas of rugged terrain, undulating terrain and transition zone from mountains to the plains and plateaus, higher station densities are generally needed. The areas where need high-density stations are mainly located in the mountainous regions, including the Sichuan Basin, the Wuyi Mountains, the Loess Plateau, the Qinling Mountains, the Southeast Hills, and the eastern mountainous areas of Northeast China. The more complex the terrain is, the lower the spatial consistency of climate change is, and the more stations are required. In general, monitoring for precipitation change requires higher density of stations. For 5° by 5° grid, however, the difference of station densities needed between temperature and precipitation is relatively small. The cause needs further study. The distributions of stations at the central and the west parts of Tibetan Plateau and Taklimakan Desert are not enough due to the harsh natural environment. Further research is needed in these regions, favorably in combination with other methods. In addition, the current stations are often located in the valleys and foothills rather than those on the slopes or on the peaks in mountainous regions, which has lowered the representativeness and enlarged the uncertainties.
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图 1 我国大陆气象观测站点分布 (a) 及2.5°×2.5°经纬度网格内包含站点数量 (b)
Fig. 1 Distribution of 2416-station (a) and the number of stations in each grid cell with the resolution of 2.5°×2.5°(b)
图 2 子集站网气温序列 (a)、降水量序列 (b) 和标准站网序列的相关系数与站点数拟合图
Fig. 2 The relationship of cM of temperature (a) and precipitation (b) to station number
图 3 满足不同气温观测要求时网格内所需站点数量所占比例分布
Fig. 3 Frequency distributions for network meeting the goal of temperature monitoring
图 4 1966—1995年气温观测满足cM=0.95时377个站点分布
Fig. 4 Grid cell densities of 377-station network for satisfying temperature monitoring goal of cM=0.95 during 1966—1995g
图 5 1966—1995年气温观测满足cM=0.99时750个站点分布
Fig. 5 Grid cell densities of 750-station network for satisfying temperature monitoring goal of cM=0.99 during 1966—1995
图 6 满足不同降水量观测要求网格内所需站点数量所占比例分布
Fig. 6 Frequency distributions for network meeting the goal of precipitation monitoring
图 7 1966—1995年降水量观测满足cM=0.90时417个站点分布
Fig. 7 Grid cell densities of 417-station network satisfying precipitation monitoring goal of cM=0.90 during 1966—1995
图 8 1966—1995年降水量观测满足cM=0.95时670个站点分布
Fig. 8 Grid cell densities of 670-station network satisfying precipitation monitoring goal of cM=0.95 during 1966—1995
图 9 1966—1995年观测满足cM=0.90时站点分布 (2.5°×3.5°)
Fig. 9 Grid cell densities of station network satisfying monitoring goal of cM=0.90 during 1966—1995(2.5°×3.5°)
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