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Characteristics of PM2.5 in Beijing and Surrounding Areas from January to March in 2013
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摘要: 2013年1—3月北京及周边地区雾、霾高发，气候特征异于常年。利用2013年1—3月北京及周边地区6个地面观测站观测资料，研究PM2.5和黑碳 (BC) 的质量浓度、区域分布特征及气象要素的影响情况。结果表明：北京及周边地区PM2.5污染呈区域性高值、污染局地积累以及由南向北输送的特征。北京上甸子站在雾、霾与清洁期间BC与PM2.5质量浓度的比值分别为7.1%和10.3%，雾、霾期间低于清洁期间；而河北固城站在雾、霾与清洁期间BC与PM2.5质量浓度的比值分别为17.5%和11.9%，雾、霾期间明显高于清洁期间。二者相反的比值特征反映在清洁的下游地区雾、霾过程中二次生成的气溶胶所占比例较污染的上游地区偏高。Abstract: Frequent and serious haze and fog events happen from January to March in 2013 in Beijing and surrounding areas under special climate conditions, which are different from those in last decades. 8 haze and fog events during this period are defined in accordance with the meteorological definition. The observational PM2.5, black carbon (BC) concentration and the meteorological data at 8 stations in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and Shanxi are used to analyze the fine particle matter and BC pollution level and regional characteristics. The meteorological-parameter variation characteristic and its possible influence on transportation and dilution of atmosphere pollutants are investigated as well.Extraordinarily high daily average PM2.5 concentrations (e.g., 579 μg·m-3 at Shijiazhuang Station) are found, much higher than former researches. Investigations indicate that even though the diurnal variation of PM2.5 concentration varies from station to station, there is a regional high concentration level of PM2.5 in Beijing and surrounding areas for average, which also has characteristic of local accumulation of air pollutants. Analysis on average surface wind speed and atmospheric vertical stability from NCEP reanalysis data in Beijing and surrounding areas from January to March since 2006 to 2013 are conducted, revealing remarkable feature of low surface wind speed and stable structure in lower part of atmosphere in 2013. During the development of fog and haze events, pollution transportation from south to north are observed. High values in south-west and north-east sectors in PM2.5 concentration wind rose correspond to atmospheric-pollutant transportation channel around Beijing.Apart from PM2.5 concentration, BC variation characteristic and its proportion in PM2.5 at Shangdianzi Global Atmosphere Watch Regional Station (SDZ) of Beijing and Gucheng Station (GCH, a rural representative site) of Hebei are studied to enhance the understanding of distinguishing feature of aerosol pollution and its composition in this region. Sharing the similar escalation trend during haze and fog events at both stations, the BC concentration at SDZ is lower, roughly one third of it at GCH. The ratio of BC and PM2.5 mass concentration is of 7.1% during haze and fog events, and 10.3% during the clean days at SDZ. The ratio of BC and PM2.5 mass concentration during haze and fog events versus clean days are of 17.5% and 11.9% at GCH. The contrast values between haze and fog events versus clean days in different stations indicate a higher secondary aerosol proportion during haze and fog events in the down-wind northern area when compared to that in the polluted up-wind southern area in and around Beijing.
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图 1 北京及周边地区观测站分布
(黑色圆点表示该站提供气象数据、PM2.5和部分黑碳质量浓度数据；空心方框表示该站仅提供气象数据)
Fig. 1 istribution of stations in Beijing and surrounding areas
(stations with black dots provide meteorological data, PM2.5 and black carbon mass concentration data; stations with hollow box provide meteorological data only)
图 2 2013年1—3月北京及周边地区地面气象要素与能见度的逐时变化
Fig. 2 Hourly variations of surface air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and visibility in Beijing and surrounding areas from January to March in 2013
图 3 2006—2013年的1—3月北京及周边地区地面风速与大气稳定度 (1000 hPa与925 hPa温度差)
Fig. 3 Variations of the surface wind speed and atmospheric stability (temperature differece between 1000 hPa and 925 hPa) in Beijing and surrounding areas for January-March from 2006 to 2013
图 4 北京及周边地区6个站点2013年1—3月PM2.5质量浓度逐日变化
Fig. 4 Diurnal variations of PM2.5 mass concentrations at six stations in Beijing and surrounding areas from January to March in 2013
图 5 2013年1—3月风向对北京及周边地区6个站点PM2.5质量浓度影响
Fig. 5 Wind direction and PM2.5 mass concentration at 6 stations in Beijing and surrounding areas from January to March in 2013
图 6 2013年1—3月上甸子站和固城站8次雾、霾过程及雾、霾过程前后的清洁期间BC与PM2.5质量浓度的比值
Fig. 6 Variation of ratio of BC and PM2.5 mass concentration during fog, haze and clear events at Shangdianzi and Gucheng stations from January to March in 2013
表 1 2013年1—3月北京及周边地区8次雾、霾过程能见度和相对湿度的变化
Table 1 Visibility and relative humidity in 8 fog and haze events in Beijing and surrounding areas from January to March in 2013
雾、霾过程 时段 最小能见度/m 最大相对湿度/% 第1次 01-09—14 223 89 第2次 01-19—24 33 90 第3次 01-27—31 262 93 第4次 02-11—17 426 89 第5次 02-21—23 520 88 第6次 02-25—28 401 89 第7次 03-05—10 1076 75 第8次 03-25—27 1952 74 
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表 2 8次雾、霾过程不同站点PM2.5质量浓度平均值和最大小时平均值 (单位: μg·m-3)
Table 2 The mean and the maximum hourly mean of PM2.5 for 8 fog and haze events at 6 stations (unit: μg·m-3)
雾、霾过程 上甸子站 宝联站 天津站 固城站 石家庄站 太原站 平均值 最大小时平均值 平均值 最大小时平均值 平均值 最大小时平均值 平均值 最大小时平均值 平均值 最大小时平均值 平均值 最大小时平均值 第1次 60 306 192 630 202 494 160 391 434 750 123 273 第2次 60 174 109 444 157 406 262 478 345 579 195 362 第3次 98 303 170 314 157 253 155 332 306 560 125 276 第4次 50 172 111 580 123 568 109 269 190 348 123 304 第5次 55 164 122 457 101 228 101 252 201 334 99 269 第6次 80 349 178 342 235 356 107 194 247 386 113 410 第7次 64 308 142 292 121 357 116 510 75 205 第8次 84 257 141 250 74 219 90 203 79 194
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表 3 8次雾、霾过程中上甸子站和固城站BC质量浓度平均值和最大小时平均值 (单位：μg·m-3)
Table 3 The mean and the maximum hourly mean BC for 8 fog and haze events at Shangdianzi and Gucheng stations (unit: μg·m-3)
雾、霾过程 上甸子站 固城站 平均值 最大小时平均值 平均值 最大小时平均值 第1次 7.4 21.8 33.0 63.7 第2次 4.3 11.3 20.4 65.4 第3次 8.8 17.0 16.7 43.1 第4次 2.6 8.0 11.7 40.6 第5次 2.4 6.7 18.2 41.8 第6次 4.7 17.5 21.2 38.3 第7次 5.6 15.2 17.4 54.8 第8次 5.2 9.2 9.0 17.7
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表 4 雾、霾过程及其前后清洁期间上甸子站和固城站BC和PM2.5质量浓度平均值及BC与PM2.5质量浓度比值统计分析
Table 4 Statistic analysis of averaged BC, PM2.5 mass concentration and their ratios for fog, haze and clear events at Shangdianzi and Gucheng stations
过程 上甸子站 固城站 BC质量浓度/(μg·m-3) PM2.5质量浓度/(μg·m-3) BC与PM2.5质量浓度比值/% BC与PM2.5质量浓度相关系数 BC质量浓度/(μg·m-3) PM2.5质量浓度/(μg·m-3) BC与PM2.5质量浓度比值/% BC与PM2.5质量浓度相关系数 雾、霾 9.0 139.2 7.1 0.77 24.1 195.7 17.5 0.66 清洁 0.9 9.4 10.3 0.63 3.5 29.9 11.9 0.53
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