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The Influence of Boundary Layer East Wind on a North China Rainstorm
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摘要: 利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°逐6 h分析资料、微波辐射计资料及FY-2E气象卫星及雷达探测资料，针对2013年6月4日发生在北京及周边地区的一次暴雨过程中边界层东风活动及作用进行了天气学诊断分析，结果表明：对流性暴雨过程伴随有源自东北平原的边界层东风活动，东风活动具有尺度小、降温明显和湿度大等特点。暴雨过程是边界层东风和中低空暖式切变线、偏南风急流和500 hPa短波槽共同作用的结果；东风湿冷空气的锋面抬升和地形抬升作用共同加强了中低层暖湿气流的辐合上升运动，同时东风冷垫和地形抬升作用触发了雷暴的再次发生，相应雷暴具有高架对流特点。东风气流起到了边界层水汽输送作用，中低层偏南暖湿气流为暴雨的产生提供了充足的水汽和不稳定层结条件。Abstract: Using conventional observations, 1°×1° NCEP analysis data, ground-based radiometer data, FY-2E meteorolgical satellite and radar data, the boundary layer east wind and its influence on a North China rainstorm on 4 Jun 2013 is analyzed.The boundary layer east wind is from Northeast China Plain, and it becomes moist when passing the Bohai Sea, resulting in cooling in boundary layer, and the sharpest drop is about 9℃ at 925 hPa. The east wind influencing area is within about 300 km. The east wind and according temperature change are monitored accurately by the ground-based radiometer and profile radar, and the storm is triggered after the temperature decreases for about 5 hours.Main influencing weather systems of the rainstorm are the boundary layer east wind, wind shear at mid-low level, southwest low-level jet at 700 hPa and small-scale low trough at 500 hPa. The cold air caused by the boundary layer east wind meets the warm southwest air on the windward area of the Taihang and Yan Mountains, and the cold front is formed near Beijing area. The front lift and topographic lift effects are obvious and the according upward motion is about-0.8 Pa·s-1, which strengthens upward motion of the warm and moist air near 700 hPa at the north of Beijing. The east wind leads to cooling cushion and temperature inversion at boundary level, and cooling cushion effect triggers the thunderstorm again to some extent, which is generated above the boundary layer, and the most unstable convective available energy reaches 1517.5 J·kg-1. The elevated thunderstorm is found first to the east of the Taihang Mountains because of topographic lift effect. The analysis of infrared TBB of FY-2E shows that middle convective systems develop obviously when they move near the cold front of east wind. The thunderstorm occurs again just over the east wind cooling cushion area according to radar reflectivity.The moist is sent to the storm area by east winds from boundary layer and southwest winds at mid-low level. The mid-low level warm moist air leads to the increase of stratification convective instability, and at 850 hPa is 8.2 K and 11.7 K more than that of 500 hPa at 0800 BT and 2000 BT, respectively. There is strong dynamic instability over the storm area because the distinct vertical wind shear is formed by boundary layer east winds and strong southwest winds at middle level.
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图 1 2013年6月4日08:00—5日08:00人工观测站24 h累积降水量 (数字，单位：mm) 和地形 (阴影)(a) 以及2013年6月4日08：00 500 hPa高度场 (等值线，单位：dagpm) 和风场 (风羽)(粗实线为槽线)(b)
Fig. 1 Observed 24 h rainfall (number, unit:mm) from 0800 BT 4 Jun to 0800 BT 5 Jun in 2013 with terrain (the shaded)(a) and 500 hPa geopotential height (contour, unit:dagpm) and winds at 0800 BT 4 Jun 2013(barb)(the thick solid is trough line)(b)
图 2 2013年6月3日20：00(a)、4日08：00(b) 海平面气压等值线 (实线，单位：hPa) 和2 m风场和4日00：00(c)、4日04：00(d) 自动气象站风场 (双划线为切变线，粗实线代表冷锋，箭头为东风带路径示意，圆点代表静风)
Fig. 2 Sea level pressure (solid line, unit:hPa) and 2 m wind at 2000 BT 3 Jun 2013(a), 0800 BT 4 Jun 2013(b) and wind observed by auto weather stations at 0000 BT 4 Jun 2013(c), 0400 BT 4 Jun 2013(d)(the double line denotes wind shear, the thick solid line denotes cold front, the arrow denotes the path of east wind, the dot denotes the wind speed is zero)
图 3 2014年6月4日08：00温度场 (实线，单位：℃) 和风场 (双划线为暖式切变线) (a)925 hPa，(b)700 hPa
Fig. 3 Temperature (solid line, unit:℃) and wind at 0800 BT 4 Jun 2013 (the double line denotes warm wind shear line) (a)925 hPa, (b)700 hPa
图 4 2013年6月4日北京市海淀站风廓线雷达不同高度风场时序图
Fig. 4 Wind of different heights observed by wind profile radar at Haidian Station in Beijing on 4 June 2013
图 5 2013年6月3—4日北京市观象台微波辐射计监测的不同高度温度时序图
Fig. 5 Temperature (unit:℃) of different altitudes observed by radiometer at Beijing Weather Observatory from 3 Jun to 4 Jun in 2013
图 6 2013年6月比湿 (虚线，单位：g·kg-1) 和风场 (风羽) 沿40°N纬向垂直剖面图
(a)3日20：00, (b)4日02:00, (c)4日08：00
Fig. 6 The zonal cross-section of q (dashed line, unit:g·kg-1) and wind (barb) along 40°N
(a)2000 BT 3 Jun 2013, (b)0200 BT 4 Jun 2013, (c)0800 BT 4 Jun 2013
图 7 2013年6月4—5日垂直速度 (单位：Pa·s-1)
(a)850 hPa 4日08:00，(b)700 hPa 4日08:00，(c)700 hPa 4日20:00，(d)850 hPa 5日02:00
Fig. 7 The vertical velocity from 4 June to 5 Jun in 2013(unit:Pa·s-1)
(a)850 hPa at 0800 BT 4 Jun, (b)700 hPa at 0800 BT 4 Jun, (c)700 hPa at 2000 BT 4 Jun, (d)850 hPa at 0200 BT 5 Jun
图 8 2013年6月4日垂直速度 (等值线，单位：Pa·s-1) 和风场 (风羽) 沿40°N纬向垂直剖面 (a)08:00，(b)20:00
Fig. 8 The zonal cross-section of vertical velocity (contour, unit:Pa·s-1) and wind (barb) at 0800 BT (a) and 2000 BT (b) on 4 Jun 2013 along 40°N
图 9 2013年6月4日20:00海平面气压 (实线，单位：hPa) 和2 m风场 (风羽)(a) 及700 hPa温度场 (等值线，单位：℃) 和风场 (风羽)(b)
Fig. 9 Sea level pressure (solid line, unit:hPa) and 2 m wind (barb)(a), temperature (contour, unit:℃) and wind (barb) of 700 hPa (b) at 2000 BT 4 Jun 2013
图 10 2013年6月4日FY-2E气象卫星红外云图反演云顶亮温 (TBB) 分布
(a)07:00，(b)10:00
Fig. 10 Distribution of temperature of black body from infared images of FY-2E at 0700 BT (a) and 1000 BT (b) on 4 Jun 2013
图 11 2013年6月4日北京市观象台雷达15 dBZ以上组合反射率因子
Fig. 11 Combined radar reflectivity above 15 dBZ of Beijing Weather Observatory on 4 Jun 2013
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