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Features of Radiosonde Balloon Drifting with Impacts on Divergence Calculated by Triangle Method
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摘要: 利用2006—2013年南京站、安庆站和杭州站探空资料，讨论华东地区探空气球的漂移特征。设计不考虑气球漂移、考虑全部气球漂移和考虑部分气球漂移3个试验，比较3种情况下三角形法计算的散度差异。结果表明：气球漂移主要受大气环流及其变化影响，纬向上7月和8月气球随高度增加，先向东漂移、后向西漂移，其他月份以向东漂移为主，冬季漂移距离大；经向上受季风影响明显。考虑全部和部分气球漂移与不考虑气球漂移的散度对比表明，平均绝对偏差各月在对流层顶附近均有极大值；相对偏差季节分布明显，前者在6—9月较大，极大值略大于7%，后者冬季大，1月在200 hPa达到25%，在50 hPa超过50%。因此，利用三角形法计算散度所在层次较高或所使用资料中传统探空和特种探空并存时，均需考虑气球漂移影响。Abstract: Traditional radiosonde balloon can float a long distance from its releasing place especially when reaching a high level above ground, while special radiosondes consisting of wind profiler and satellite remote sensing information are snapshots of atmospheric status and have no spatial drifts of particular location. The spatial derivatives (such as divergence) calculated through triangle method are closely related to the triangle's three-culminations position. The balloon floating and inhomogeneity introduced by the mixed use of data from traditional and special radiosondes can dramatically change the relative position of those culminations. The balloon floating feature and its impact on the divergence calculated through triangle method is a subject of potential application. Based on traditional radiosonde data of three stations in Eastern China, namely Nanjing, Anqing and Hangzhou with time coverage from 2006 to 2013, statistical features of balloon drift are investigated. And three experiments are designed to investigate how the balloon drifting impact the divergence computed through triangle method. The first experiment does not take the balloon drift into account, representing the traditional case which regards the radiosonde is right above the releasing point. The second experiment regards three balloons floating freely controlled by the atmospheric circumstance, which reflects the true physical processes of balloon motion. The third experiment is to simulate the inhomogeneity of traditional and special radiosondes: The balloon from Nanjing is assumed to have no horizontal motion as an analogue of special radiosonde and balloons from other two stations are freely floating as representatives of traditional radiosondes. Result shows that the balloon floats eastward all year round except in July and August. The float distance is larger in winter contrast with other seasons, with its maximum of about 120 km. In July and August, the balloon floats eastward within the low level and change its direction to westward at higher level. In meridional direction, the balloon floats in the manner of monsoon. In tropospheres, it floats northward in summer and southward in winter. Above 100 hPa in stratosphere it floats oppositely, southward in summer and northward in winter. The whole layer maximum mean drift distance is about 30 km in July and August, and the distance is larger than 100 km in winter above 100 hPa. Divergence differences between the second and third experiments to the first experiment are researched. The absolute difference increases with the height and reaches its maximum between 200-100 hPa in each month. The second experiment's relative differences are larger from June to September, with the extreme value about 7%. Relative differences of the third experiment are larger than those of the second experiment. In July and August, the relative difference of the whole layer is slightly less than 9%. In winter months, they are larger contrast to other months, when the relative difference of the third experiment is 25% at 200 hPa and greater than 50% at 50 hPa in January. It indicates that when the divergence of high level is calculated through triangle method, the balloon drift should be taken into account. When both traditional and special radiosonde data are used, for the inhomogeneity of measurement causes large differences, the balloon drift must be considered.
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Key words:
- triangle method;
- radiosonde balloon drift;
- divergence;
- inhomogeneity
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图 2 不同季节南京站、安庆站和杭州站探空资料样本量
(a) 冬季，(b) 春季，(c) 夏季，(d) 秋季
Fig. 2 The sample amount vertical distribution of Nanjing, Anqing and Hangzhou stations in four seasons
(a) winter, (b) spring, (c) summer, (d) autumn
图 3 不同季节南京站、安庆站和杭州站探空气球最大累积漂移距离
(a) 冬季，(b) 春季，(c) 夏季，(d) 秋季
Fig. 3 The maximum horizontal drift distance accumulated from the balloon releasing level of Nanjing, Anqing and Hangzhou stations in four seasons
(a) winter, (b) spring, (c) summer, (d) autumn
图 4 南京站、安庆站和杭州站探空气球漂移特征 (单位：km)
(纬向负值表示向西漂移，经向负值表示向南漂移)
Fig. 4 Accumulated drift features from releasing level at Nanjing, Anqing and Hangzhou stations
(negative values denote westward and southward displacements corresponding to zonal and meridional directions)
图 5 三角形法计算各高度上的样本量和散度 (单位：10-5s-1) 年变化
(a) 样本量，(b) 试验Ⅰ计算散度，(c) 试验Ⅱ计算散度，(d) 试验Ⅲ计算散度
Fig. 5 The sample amount (a) and divergence (unit:10-5s-1) related to triangle method from experiment Ⅰ(b), experiment Ⅱ(c) and experiment Ⅲ(d)
图 6 三角形法计算散度的平均绝对偏差 (单位：10-5 s-1) 和相对偏差 (单位：%)
(a) 试验Ⅱ平均绝对偏差，(b) 试验Ⅲ平均绝对偏差，(c) 试验Ⅱ相对偏差，(d) 试验Ⅲ相对偏差
Fig. 6 Absolute differences (unit:10-5 s-1) and relative differences (unit:%) of divergences calculated through triangle method of floating tests comparing to experiment Ⅰ(a) absolute difference of experiment Ⅱ, (b) absolute difference of experiment Ⅲ, (c) relative difference of experiment Ⅱ, (d) relative difference of experiment Ⅲ
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