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闪电初始预击穿过程辐射脉冲特征及电流模型

武斌 张广庶 文军 张彤 李亚珺 王彦辉

武斌, 张广庶, 文军, 等. 闪电初始预击穿过程辐射脉冲特征及电流模型. 应用气象学报, 2017, 28(5): 555-567. DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20170504..
引用本文: 武斌, 张广庶, 文军, 等. 闪电初始预击穿过程辐射脉冲特征及电流模型. 应用气象学报, 2017, 28(5): 555-567. DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20170504.
Wu Bin, Zhang Guangshu, Wen Jun, et al. The characteristic and current model of radiation impulse in lightning initial preliminary breakdown process. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2017, 28(5): 555-567. DOI:  10.11898/1001-7313.20170504.
Citation: Wu Bin, Zhang Guangshu, Wen Jun, et al. The characteristic and current model of radiation impulse in lightning initial preliminary breakdown process. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2017, 28(5): 555-567. DOI:  10.11898/1001-7313.20170504.

闪电初始预击穿过程辐射脉冲特征及电流模型

DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20170504
资助项目: 

国家自然科学基金项目 41375010

国家自然科学基金重大研究计划 91537209

国家重点基础研究发展计划项目 2014CB441404

国家自然科学基金项目 41305003

详细信息
    通信作者:

    张广庶, email:zhanggs@lzb.ac.cn

The Characteristic and Current Model of Radiation Impulse in Lightning Initial Preliminary Breakdown Process

  • 摘要: 利用2012年青海大通地区高精度闪电三维辐射源定位结果和宽带电场脉冲波形同步数据,基于3种改进的传输线模型和粒子群优化算法,拟合发生在不同距离上不同类型闪电初始预击穿过程的双极性脉冲波形结构,反演初始流光通道内电流波形和特征参数,对比分析3种模型对初始预击穿过程和梯级先导双极性脉冲波形的拟合效果,统计分析4类闪电初始预击穿脉冲的物理特征。结果表明:3种改进的传输线模型均能较好地拟合出双极性脉冲结构,且MTLE模型更合理。负地闪的初始预击穿过程和梯级先导过程呈现出相同的传输特征,即均以梯级形式发展,且拟合物理参量也较为接近。初始流光向上的路径长度大于初始流光向下的路径长度,初始流光向上击穿进入上部正电荷区的路径上中和的总电荷量和总垂直偶极矩远大于初始流光向下的路径上中和的总电荷量和总垂直偶极矩。
  • 图  1  传输线几何模型和3种模型峰值电流随高度变化

    (a)模型,(b)峰值电流

    Fig. 1  Transmission line geometry model and the peak current of three models varies with height

    (a)model, (b)peak current

    图  2  负地闪20120727201503初始预击穿过程和起始脉冲簇结构

    (a)宽带电场变化,(b)辐射源高度变化

    Fig. 2  The preliminary breakdown process and initial pulse cluster of the negative cloud-to-ground flash 20120727201503

    (a)the change of broadband electric field, (b)the change of radiation source altitude

    图  3  负地闪20120724162753初始预击穿过程的起始脉冲簇

    Fig. 3  The preliminary breakdown process and initial pulse cluster of the negative cloud-to-ground flash 20120724162753

    图  4  3种模型下IBP-1观测、拟合电场变化及分量场对比

    (a)MTLL模型电场变化,(b)MTLE模型电场变化,(c)MTLK模型电场变化,(d)MTLL模型分量场,(e)MTLE模型分量场,(f)MTLK模型分量场

    Fig. 4  The measured, fitted electric field changes and component field of IBP-1 under three models

    (a)the electric field change under MTLL model, (b)the electric field change under MTLE model, (c)the electric field change under MTLK model, (d)the component field under MTLL model, (e)the component field under MTLE model, (f)the component field under MTLK model

    图  5  正云闪20120724165147初始预击穿过程和起始脉冲簇

    Fig. 5  The preliminary breakdown process and initial pulse cluster of positive intracloud flash 20120724165147

    图  6  3种模型下IBP-2观测、拟合电场变化及分量场对比

    (a)MTLL模型电场变化,(b)MTLE模型电场变化,(c)MTLK模型电场变化,(d)MTLL模型分量场,(e)MTLE模型分量场,(f)MTLK模型分量场

    Fig. 6  The measured, fitted electric field changes and component field of IBP-2 under three models

    (a)the electric field change under MTLL model, (b)the electric field change under MTLE model, (c)the electric field change under MTLK model, (d)the component field under MTLL model, (e)the component field under MTLE model, (f)the component field under MTLK model

    图  7  初始向下负地闪20120724163958放电全过程

    Fig. 7  The whole process of the negative cloud-to-ground flash 20120724163958 developing downward initially

    图  8  初始向下负地闪20120724163958初始预击穿过程和梯级先导宽带电场和辐射源高度变化

    Fig. 8  Broadband electric field and radiation source height change of the preliminary breakdown process and step leader process of the negative cloud-to-ground flash 20120724163958 whose initial streamer of negative ground flash developing downward

    表  1  53个双极性脉冲拟合统计的结果

    Table  1  Fitted results of 53 bipolar pulses

    放电过程(脉冲数) MTLL模型 MLTE模型 MTLK模型 平均确定系数
    拟合最佳脉冲数 确定系数 拟合最佳脉冲数 确定系数 拟合最佳脉冲数 确定系数
    负云闪初始预击穿过程(6个) 1 0.893 3 0.899 2 0.898 0.897
    正云闪初始预击穿过程(23个) 5 0.881 12 0.881 6 0.880 0.881
    初始向下负地闪初始预击穿过程(7个) 2 0.894 4 0.895 1 0.891 0.892
    初始向上负地闪初始预击穿过程(8个) 2 0.877 4 0.875 2 0.877 0.877
    初始向下发展负地闪梯级先导(9个) 2 0.856 4 0.857 3 0.855 0.854
    总双极性脉冲(53个) 12 0.879 27 0.879 14 0.8788 0.879
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2  初始向下负地闪20120724163958初始预击穿过程和梯级先导过程MTLE模型拟合结果

    Table  2  Physical parameters of step leader pulse of the negative cloud-to-ground flash 20120724163958 whose initial streamer developing downward in MTLE model

    物理参数 初始预击穿过程 梯级先导过程
    范围 平均值 范围 平均值
    t1/μs 0.7~0.8 0.75 0.3~0.72 0.47
    (t1-t2)/μs 1.25~7.45 4.55 1.2~4.5 2.76
    v/(108 m·s-1) 1.18~1.3 1.24 1.28~1.5 1.35
    A/kA 15.32~78.23 40.65 12.10~60.49 32.99
    Q/C 0.123~0.629 0.363 0.09~0.41 0.222
    P/(C·m) 10.19~108.39 47.91 8.39~44.36 23.23
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3  4类闪电初始预击穿过程MTLE模型拟合结果

    Table  3  Physical parameters of initial breakdown pulse of four different types of flashes in MTLE model

    放电过程 初始流光向上或向下进入正电荷区路径长度/m 起始脉冲簇中和电荷总量/C 起始脉冲簇总垂直偶极矩/(C·m)
    负云闪初始预击穿过程 947.55(向下) 1.944 227.436
    正云闪初始预击穿过程 3174.14(向上) 13.179 -4136.55
    初始向下负地闪初始预击穿过程 750.47(向下) 1.491 335.342
    初始向上负地闪初始预击穿过程 1389.24(向上) 2.744 -390.344
    下载: 导出CSV
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