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Two-dimensional Optical Observation of Striking Distance of Lightning Flashes to Two Buildings in Guangzhou
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摘要: 利用广州高建筑物雷电观测站的高速摄像机在2012—2018年拍摄到的发生在两座尖顶建筑物广州塔(600 m高，12次)和广晟国际大厦(360 m高，9次)上的21次下行地闪光学数据，结合广东电网闪电定位系统提供的回击峰值电流数据，统计建筑物高度和回击峰值电流强度对闪击距离的影响，并探讨闪击距离与上行连接先导起始时间的相关性。结果表明：更高的建筑物上雷电的闪击距离更长，广州塔闪击距离的中位数约是广晟国际大厦闪击距离中位数的2倍；对于确定高度的建筑物，闪击距离有随着回击峰值电流增强而变长的趋势，且建筑物越高，对应的回击峰值电流也越强；在下行与上行先导连接前0.1 ms内，二者的平均速率之比小于4，且速率比值在0~1这一区间的样本最多，占比约65%。Abstract: Lightning can strike directly on buildings, lightning protection devices or the lateral surface of buildings, endangering buildings on the ground. Effective lightning protection measures can avoid lightning damage to buildings and prevent possible fire, explosion or other hazards. Striking distance is an important reference index in lightning protection design of buildings, which is widely used in various common lightning protection design methods, such as rolling ball method, collecting volume method, etc. With the development of social economy, there are more and more tall-object in modern cities. It becomes more challenging to accurately estimate the striking distance of buildings with different heights and to formulate more effective lightning protection schemes. Up to now, lots of researches on the attachment process of natural lightning are conducted, especially by means of optical observation, which mainly benefits from the intuition of optical data. Although a large number of observations have been made on the lightning attachment process, reports on the striking distance are still rare.Based on optical data of 21 lightning discharges on two steeple buildings, the Canton Tower (600 m, 12 cases) and the Guangsheng International Building (360 m, 9 cases) from 2012 to 2018, and data of return stroke peak current provided by Guangdong Power Grid Lightning Location System, influences of building height and return stroke peak current intensity on the striking distance are analyzed. Results show that the striking distance on higher buildings is longer, and the median lightning strike distance of the Canton Tower is about 2 times of that of the Guangsheng International Building. For buildings with a certain height, the striking distance tends to increase with the peak current increasing. Moreover, the higher the building is, the stronger the peak current of the corresponding return stroke is. The peak current of return stroke on the Canton Tower is obviously stronger than (about 1.7 times) that on the Guangsheng International Building. In the attachment process, the two-diensional average speed ratio of the downward leader and the upward leader is less than 4 at 0.1 ms before the return stroke. The number of cases with a ratio of 0 to 1 is the largest, accounting for about 65% of the total number of cases.
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图 1 TOLOG与广州塔和广晟国际大厦的相对位置示意图
Fig. 1 Location of the TOLOG, the Canton Tower and the Guangsheng International Building
图 2 高速摄像HC-1 (10000帧/s)拍摄的一次广晟国际大厦上发生的闪电过程图像
(a)-2.2 ms，(b)-0.1 ms，(c)0.5 ms
Fig. 2 Lightning process images occurred on the Guangsheng International Building, obtained by high-speed video camera HC-1 (10000 fps)
(a)-2.2 ms, (b)-0.1 ms, (c)0.5 ms
图 3 广州塔和广晟国际大厦的闪击距离
Fig. 3 Striking distance from the Canton Tower to the Guangsheng International Building
图 4 闪击距离与回击峰值电流关系
Fig. 4 The relationship of the lightning return stroke peak current to the striking distance
图 5 广州塔和广晟国际大厦闪击距离与上行连接先导起始时间的关系
Fig. 5 The relationship between initiation time of the UCL and the striking distance from the Canton Tower to the Guangsheng International Building
图 6 上行先导与下行先导的二维平均速率统计
(a)回击前0~0.1 ms上行先导的速率，(b)回击前0~0.5 ms上行先导的速率，(c)回击前0~0.1 ms下行先导的速率，(d)回击前0~0.5 ms下行先导的速率
Fig. 6 Two-dimensional average speeds statistic chart of upward connecting leader (UCL) and downward leader (DL)
(a)speeds of UCL from 0 to 0.1 ms before the return stroke, (b)speeds of UCL from 0 to 0.5 ms before the return stroke, (c)speeds of DL from 0 to 0.1 ms before the return stroke, (d)speeds of DL from 0 to 0.5 ms before the return stroke
图 7 回击过程发生前0.1 ms内下行先导速率(Vd)与上行连接先导速率(Vu)的比值
Fig. 7 The ratio between the speed of downward leader (Vd) and that of upward connecting leader (Vu) during 0.1 ms before the return stroke
表 1 高速摄像机参数
Table 1 Parameters of High-speed Video Cameras
观测时间 设备编号 型号 帧率/(帧/s) 焦距/mm 空间分辨率/(m/像素) 广州塔 广晟国际大厦 2012年6月—2015年11月 HC-1 Photron FASTCAM SA5 10000 14 4.7 3.0 2016年5月—2018年9月 HC-1 Photron FASTCAM SAZ 20000 14 4.7 3.0 2010年6月—2018年9月 HC-2 Photron FASTCAM SA5 50000 20 3.3 
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