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塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘暴发生条件分析
Genetic Conditions of Sandstorms in the Hinterland of Taklimakan Desert
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摘要: 利用塔中气象站1997—2002年的气象资料, 从沙尘源丰富程度、风动力条件和空气稳定度等方面分析了塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘暴的成因。结果表明:在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地, 沙尘源极为丰富, 为沙尘暴发生提供了必要条件, 降水基本不能改变沙面的湿润状况, 沙尘源丰富度不是沙尘暴发生的限制因子; 风动力是沙尘暴发生的重要条件, 而月平均风速和大风日数是风动力的重要定量表征指标; 空气稳定性也是沙尘暴发生的重要条件, 温度和天气过程是其重要标志, 沙尘暴发生与温度呈正相关, 沙尘暴多发生在夏季和午后; 降水是沙漠腹地天气过程的重要指标, 月降水日数和降水总量与沙尘暴日数呈正相关; 20世纪90年代以来沙尘暴逐年减少, 这种变化趋势可能与全球气候变化有关。Abstract: Sandstorm is a kind of catastrophic weather with great impacts on ecology and social economy.As a result of special natural conditions, the Tarim Basin is one important area in China where sandstorm occurs very frequently. Research working on sandstorm in the Tarim Basin before is primarily focusing on the verge of the Tarim Basin, but few of the works are about the sandstorm in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert.In order to understand comprehensively the law of sandstorm occurrence in the Tarim Basin, the genetic conditions of sandstorm in the hinterland of Taklimakan desert is to be disclosed by analyzing the data of sandstorms collected from 1997 to 2002 at Tazhong weather station.Results show that the abundance of dust substance is a prerequisite to the occurrence of sandstorm in most areas.But dust origin isn't the limiting factor of sandstorm occurrence in the inner part of the Taklimakan Desert.At the same time the precipitation in this area is too little to change the moisture of sand surface, so precipitation can't influence the abundance of dust substance.The occurrence of sandstorm primarily depends on wind force which can be represented by average wind speed and days of strong wind, but statistic results show that wind forces only weakly correlate with days of sandstorm, therefore there are still other factors influencing the occurrence of sandstorm.Air stability which can be figured by temperature and weather process is another important factor influencing sandstorm occurrence.It is found that the occurrence of sandstorm has a positive correlation with temperature because of unstable air mass near ground surface.Sandstorms mainly occur in spring and summer, rarely in autumn and w inter; furthermore, sandstorms occur more frequently in summer more than in spring.Sandstorms mainly occur in daytime especially in the afternoon, but only a few occur in nighttime.Precipitation is a key indicator of weather process in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert.Statistic results show that sandstorms occurrence has a positive correlation with monthly days and monthly amount of precipitations.Data indicate that the month with annual largest precipitation doesn't correspond with the biggest hours of sandstorm persistence, but with the lower than the maximum in a year.As a result, a large amount of precipitation has a restrained effect on the occurrence of sandstorm to some extends.From 1997 to 2002, annual precipitation and air temperature tend to increase, but sandstorm occurrence tends to decline.This phenomenon may be response to the decrease of weather process especially dry and cold air activity caused by global climatic change.In brief, because the environment in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert is very extreme featured by mobile sand surface, scarce precipitation, strong evaporation, the genetic conditions of sandstorms in this area are also very special and different from other areas.
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Key words:
- Taklimakan Desert;
- sandstorms;
- dust origin;
- wind force;
- air stability
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图 1 1997—2002年塔中土壤湿润指数与沙尘暴日数的关系
Fig. 1 The relationship between the index of soil humidity and the number of sandstorm days from 1997 to 2002 in Tazhong
图 2 1997—2002年塔中月平均风速和沙尘暴日数的关系
Fig. 2 The relationship between monthly mean wind speed and the number of sandstorm days from 1997 to 2002 in Tazhong
图 3 1997—2002年塔中月大风日数与沙尘暴日数的关系
Fig. 3 The relationship between monthly days of strong wine and sandstorm from 1997 to 2002 in Tazhong
图 4 1997—2002年塔中沙尘暴日数和月平均气温、地温变化
Fig. 4 Variations of sandstorm days number, monthly mean air temperature and ground surface temperature from 1997 to 2002 in Tazhong
图 5 1997—2002年塔中降水与沙尘暴发生的关系
Fig. 5 The relationship between precipitation and sandstorm occurence from 1997 to 2002 in Tazhong
表 1 1997—2002年塔中主要气象要素的变化
Table 1 Changes of main meteorological factors from 1997 to 2002 in Tazhong area
表 2 1997—2002年塔中沙尘暴出现总次数和频率的日变化
Table 2 Daily variation of total times and frequency of sandstorm occurred from 1997 to 2002 in Tazhong
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