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利用AMSU分析热带气旋结构特征
The Structure of Tropical Cyclone from Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit
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摘要: 搭载在美国新一代极轨业务系列气象卫星上的先进的微波探测器 (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit , AMSU) 提供了对于大气中温度、湿度以及云雨分布特征的探测能力。 研究选择 2003 年发生在西北太平洋上的多个热带气旋个例, 利用 NOAA16/17 卫星的 AMSU 数据分析热带气旋热力及云雨结构特征, 结果显示: 热带气旋中心的增暖在 AMSU-A 微波温度观测表现显著, 特别是在对流层上层通道尤其明显; AMSU 观测热带气旋中心增暖与强度相关性统计分析显示, 两者相关性达 0.778; AMSU-B 高频通道可以揭示热带气旋的云雨结构分布和对流发展旺盛情况, 分析显示热带气旋云雨结构变化与气旋强度密切相关, 气旋强度滞后于系统对流过程的发展 。Abstract: Strong sounding abilities of atmospheric temperature and moisture, cloud and precipitation are provided by the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) on-board the new generation polar orbit meteorological satellite series—NOAA-KLM. Two parts are included in the AMSU: AMSU-A and AMSU-B. The frequency of 50—60 GHz O2 absorption band is mainly covered by AMS-A channels, and is used to retrieve the temperature profile. The water vapor absorption line centered at 183.31 GHz is covered by AMSU-B and is mainly used to get moisture vertical distribution of atmosphere. The AMSU-A and AMSU-B data from NOAA series satellites are used to analyze the thermal and cloud structure of tropical cyclone and the relation between TC intensity and its central warming and the change of could and rain structure.The AMSU-A and AMSU-B data are limb adjusted based on Wark and mapped at the center of the tropical cyclone (TC) to prepare for analysis of TC thermal and cloud structure. Firstly, the warming anomaly of two TC cases occurring over the northwestern Pacific Ocean in 2003 is analyzed with AMSU-A channel 6—9 data from NOAA-16/17 satellites, it is found that the warming anomaly of the weak TC Kronvan at its most intensive stage is only about 2.5 K and occurs at lower layers, but Maime, the strongest TC of that year, had more than 5 K anomaly and the warming occurs at all levels from 350 hPa to 100 hPa. The statistic relation between the intensity of TCs and their strongest warming anomaly is analyzed with TC cases in 2001—2003, it shows that the anomaly increases as the TC intensity becomes stronger, with related coefficients of 0.778.Then the cloud structure of the TCs is analyzed based on AMSU-B data. The data from AMSU-B window channel at 150 GHz are used to show the total cloud and rain structure of TC and that from high level channels centered at 183.31 GHz are used to show its convection distribution. The results show that the strong convection occurs at the eyewall and the outside rainband has obvious characteristics in the microwave images at 183.31 ±1 GHz , the low level stratus cloud would be viewed in window schannel image. The time series data of Dujuan are used to analyze the change of cloud structure of TC and its relation to the intensity, it is found that the highest intensity of TC is got after the convection burst out.It is concluded that the observation from AMSU-A temperature channels, especially for those weighting functions at upper troposphere has good response to the TC warm core. The observation from high frequency channels of AMSU-B shows the structure of could and the distribution of deep convection. The warming anomaly and the deep convection structure of TC have a close relation to the TC intensity. Further research would be done for this target.
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Key words:
- AMSU;
- tropical cyclone;
- thermal structure;
- deep convection
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图 1 2003年8月23日18:18热带气旋科罗旺的MOAA/AMSU-A通道6~9的亮温距平图像 （单位: K）
（a) 54.4 GHz, (b) 54.94 GHz, (c) 55.45 GHz, (d) 57.3 GHz
Fig. 1 The AMSU-A brightness temperature anomaly of tropical cyclone Krovanh at 18:18 on Aug 23, 2003 from NOAA (unit: K)
(a) 54.4 GHz, (b) 54.94 GHz, (c) 55.45 GHz, (d) 57.3 GHz
图 2 2003年9月11日01:56热带气旋鸣蝉的MOAA-17/AMSU-A通道6~9的亮温距平图像 （单位: K）
（a) 54.4 GHz, (b) 54.94 GHz, (c) 55.45 GHz, (d) 57.3 GHz
Fig. 2 The AMSU-A brightness temperature anomaly of tropical cyclone Maemi at 01:56 on Sep 11, 2003 from NOAA (unit: K)
(a) 54.4 GHz, (b) 54.94 GHz, (c) 55.45 GHz, (d) 57.3 GHz
图 3 AMSU的54.96和55.45 GHz最强亮温距平与气旋中心海平面气压的关系
Fig. 3 The relation between the maximum brightness temperature anomaly at 54.96 or 55.45 GHz and the minimum sea level pressure
图 4 热带气旋鸣蝉和科罗旺微波亮温图像 （单位: K)
(a) 和 （c) 分别是鸣蝉2003年9月11日01：56的150 GHz和183±1 GHz图像，（b）和（d) 分别是科罗旺2003年8月23日18:18的150 GHz和183±1 GHz图像
Fig. 4 The 150 GHz and 183±1 GHz brightness temperature imagine of Maemi and Krowanh from NOAA satellite (unit: K)
(a) and (c) are for Maemi at 01:56 on sep 11, 23, (b) and (d) are for Krovanh at 18:18 on Aug 23, 2003
图 5 热带气旋杜鹃在20036年8月30日——9月2日期间NOAA16/17的AMSU-B 150 GHz亮温图像（单位：K）
Fig. 5 The 150 GHz brightness temperature image of Dujian from Aug 30 to Sep 2 in 2003 based on NOAA
图 6 热带气旋杜鹃在2003年8月30日-9月2日期间深对流分布（暗红色区域）
Fig. 6 The deep convection distribution (dark red) of Dujuan from Aug 30 to Sep 2, in 2003 based on NOAA17/AMSU-B
图 7 热带气旋杜鹃在2003年8月30日—9月2日期间深对流区域微波 183±1 GHz 频率亮温直方图分析
Fig. 7 The 183±1 GHz brightness temperature histogram of deep convection of Dujuan from Aug 30 to Sep 2 in 2003 based on NOAA17/AMSU-B
表 1 AMSU-A 光谱通道特征
Table 1 Characteristics of AMSU-A Instrument
表 2 AMSU-B光谱特征
Table 2 Characteristics of AMSU-B Instrument
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