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2005年12月3—21日山东半岛持续性暴雪特征及维持机制
Characteristics and Maintaining Mechanisms of Sustained Cold-air Outbreak Snowstorm Processes in Shandong Peninsula During December 3—21, 2005
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摘要: 利用多普勒雷达、卫星、常规观测资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料分析了2005年12月3—21日发生在山东半岛4次持续性冷流暴雪的特征及维持机制。结果表明:冬季强冷空气暴发南下时, 波状冷流云在渤海发展造成山东半岛暴雪, 暴雪具有明显的空间分布和强度的日变化特征; 多普勒雷达资料反映了暴雪回波PPI强度为35~40dBz, PPI径向速度图上反映低空急流和风辐合特征, RCS, VCS产品反映暴雪回波的垂直特征; 4次暴雪过程对应500hPa中高纬度欧亚上空为两涡一脊的建立和维持, θse时空演变反映4次强的干冷空气对应4次暴雪过程; 暴雪发生时南北风在渤海附近存在一弱的风区; 暴雪日水汽较非暴雪日充沛, 垂直上升运动和低层散度辐合与强降雪相对应; 暴雪日在渤海附近海面温度与850 hPa温度差大于20℃; 暴雪区为对流不稳定的大气层结。Abstract: The analysis of characteristics and maintaining mechanisms of heavy snow events occurring in Shandong Peninsula during Dec 3—21, 2005 is undertaken using Doppler radar data, FY-2C satellite VIS image, observational station data and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. The results show when outbreaks of winter cold air occur from the Eurasian Continent, snow clouds develop over the Bohai Sea.The meso-scale coastal front along the north of Shandong Peninsula is the meso-scale system which causes the sustained cold-air outbreak heavy snow events. The spatial distribution of real precipitation during Dec 3—21, 2005 is different from the north to the south in Shandong Peninsula, and the precipitation per 6 hours on Dec 4 and 7 2005 in Weihai shows the day variation of snowstorms. Doppler radar data show that the reflectivity at 0.5° elevation of the heavy snow-band extends from Bohai sea toward Shandong Peninsula is about 35 to 40 dBz. In the velocity field, the anticlockwise movement of wind vectors with height presents cold air current and a coastal front is studied by analyzing the Doppler radar data also. In reflectivity cross section data, most radar echo tops are less than 3 km. Velocity cross section shows the vertical structure characteristics of the horizontal wind velocity of the snowstorm.The FY-2C VIS satellite image shows the cloud streaks which the alignment of SW to NE is almost perpendicular to the northwesterly wind in the lower troposphere. It shows that there exists a close relationship between the evolution of the circulation over the mid-high latitudes and the heavy snowstorm processes. Once the dry cold air originates from the mid-high latitudes, the heavy snowstorm event develops.There is a weak south-northerly wind area when heavy snow events occur in Shandong Peninsula.The relative humidity is more than 90% between 850 hPa and 750 hPa, and the line of 90% relative humidity change with a wave movement. The snowstorms are in close relationship with the relative humidity. The horizontal convergence distribution at 850 hPa and the updraft along 122°E plays an important role in the spatial distribution of real precipitation. The updrafts and the convergence in the lower layer are the dynamic maintaining mechanism of the snowstorms by analyzing the time-height cross section of vorticity and horizontal divergence from Dec 3 to Dec 21 2005.The difference between sea surface temperature and temperature at 850 hPa over Bohai Sea is more than 20℃, and the distribution of θse at 850 hPa shows the convective instability in Shandong Peninsula during the snowstorm processes.
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图 1 2005年12月4日00:00 (a) 和7日00:00 (b) FY-2C可见光卫星云图
Fig. 1 FY-2C satellite VIS image at 00:00 Dec 4 (a) and 00:00 Dec 7 (b), 2005
图 2 2005年12月3日18:01(a)、4日00:05(b) 烟台多普勒天气雷达0.5°仰角观测的PPI径向速度, 4日00:05多普勒天气雷达的反射率因子剖面 (c) 和径向速度剖面 (d)
Fig. 2 PPI display of the velocity at 0.5° elevation in Yantai at 18:01 Dec 3 (a) and 00:05 Dec 4 (b)2005, cross-section of the reflectivity (c) and velocity (d) in Yantai at 00:05 Dec 4, 2005
图 3 2005年12月1—23日沿60°N的500 hPa高度场的纬向-时间演变 (单位: gpm) (a) 和在37°N, 122°E点假相当位温θ se的时空演变图 (单位: K) (b), 4日 (c) 和7日 (d) 00:00 500 hPa位势高度场 (实线, 单位: gpm)、温度场 (虚线, 单位: ℃) 和风场分布
Fig. 3 The zone-time cross section for 500 hPa height from 1 to 23 Dec along 60°N (unit : gpm)(a), the spatial-temporal cross section of θ se(unit: K) over 37°N, 122°E (b), 500 hPa the geopotential height (solid line, unit : gpm), temperature (dashed line, unit: ℃) and wind at 00:00 Dec 4 (c) and 00:00 Dec 7 (d)2005
图 4 2005年12月3日12:00—8日18:00 850 hPa南、北风在120°~123°E平均沿30°~70°N的经向-时间剖面图 (北风为负, 南风为正, 单位: m·s-1)
Fig. 4 The meridion-time cross section of v-wind averaged over 120°—123°E at 850 hPa (unit: m·s-1) along 30°—70°N from 12:00 Dec 3 to 18:00 Dec 8 2005
图 5 2005年12月3日12:00—7日18:00在37°N, 122°E点相对湿度 (单位: k·kg-1) 的高度-时间剖面图
Fig. 5 The height-time cross section of relative humidity (unit : k·kg-1) over 37°N, 122°E from 12:00 Dec 3 to 18:00 Dec 7, 2005
图 6 2005年12月3日18:00 850 hPa散度的水平分布 (a), 3日12:00—7日18:00(b), 10日12:00—13日12:00(c), 20日00:00—21日18:00(d) 在37°N, 122°E水平散度高度-时间剖面图 (单位: 10-5s-1)
Fig. 6 The horizontal divergence distribution of 850 hPa at 18:00 Dec 3 2005 (a), the height-time cross-section of horizontal divergence over 37°N, 122°E from 12:00 Dec 3 to 18:00 Dec 7 (b), from 12:00 Dec 10 to 12:00 Dec 13 (c), from 00:00 Dec 20 to 18:00 Dec 21 (d)2005 (unit : 10-5s-1)
图 7 2005年12月3日18:00垂直上升速度沿122°E的垂直剖面图 (a) 和3日12:00—7日18:00(b), 10日12:00—13日12:00(c), 20日00:00—21日18:00(d) 在37°N, 122°E垂直上升速度高度-时间剖面图 (单位: Pa·s-1)
Fig. 7 The cross-section of vertical velocity along 122°E at 18:00 Dec 3 2005 (a) and the height-time cross-section of vertical velocity over 37°N, 122°E from 12:00 Dec 3 to 18:00 Dec 7 (b), from 12:00 Dec 10 to 12:00 Dec 13 (c), from 00:00 Dec 20 to 18:00 Dec 21 (d)2005 (unit: Pa·s-1)
图 8 2005年12月3—22日实际观测的海面温度与渤海上空850 hPa温度差 (实线, 单位:℃) 和山东半岛日最大降雪量 (虚线, 单位: mm) 时间变化图 (a), 2005年12月4日00:00 850 hPa θse分布 (单位: K) (b)
Fig. 8 The temporal distribution of the difference between sea surface temperature and temperature at 850 hPa over Bohai sea (solid line, unit :℃) and the most day precipitation over Shandong Peninsula (dashed line, unit:mm) from Dec 3 to Dec 22, 2005 (a), the distribution of θse at 850 hPa 00:00 Dec 4, 2005 (unit : K)(b)
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