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地基GPS遥感观测北京地区水汽变化特征
Variation Features of Atmospheric Precipitable Water Vapor Derived from Groud-based GPS in Beijing
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摘要: 利用2004—2007年SA34（北京大学）站的GPS观测数据，运用GAMIT软件解算反演了间隔30min的连续变化大气水汽总量（PW）。与北京南郊观测场得到的探空结果作比较，均方根误差（RMSE）在2~3mm之间。通过对大气水汽作月平均，得到每月的大气水汽总量口变化曲线，并初步分析了夏季水汽日变化与地面比湿、降水、地面气温以及地面风矢量的关系。结果表明：北京地区夏季7月大气水汽总量最小值出现在08：00（北京时）左右，8月大气水汽总量最小值出现在08：00到12：00左右（各年表现出一定的差异），夏季大气水汽总量的最大值出现在01：00到03：00；7月和8月的日变化在夜间变化趋势有所不同；大气水汽总量最大值出现时刻与地面小时降水有一定相关性，且大气水汽总量的日变化明显受风矢量日变化的影响。通过对大气水汽总量的时间序列进行小波分析，得到1年大部分时间里，水汽变化存在大约12d的周期。采用前期的大气水汽总量平均值和短时大气水汽总量增量两个条件进行降水的判断，认为夏季降水的出现时刻与差值的高值区有比较好的对应。Abstract: Diurnal variations in pheric precipitable water atmospheric water vapor are studied (PW) for 2004--2007 derived from by analyzing 30 min averaged data of atmos Global Positioning System (GPS) observa tions at Peking university station (SA34). Comparing PW derived from GPS with that observed by radiosonde, the result shows that the root mean square error (RMSE) is less than 3 mm. On monthly mean, the curve of diurnal variations of PW is acquired, and composite diurnal variation of GPS PW, specific humidity, precipitation, temperature and wind vector are analyzed. The PW show a clear diurnal cyrcle with amplitude of about 3 mm in summer. A typical feature of the diurnal in Beijing is that the minimum value appears in the morning, and the maximum value appears in the midnight. There is some relations between the time of the maximum of PW and precipitation. The result of the wavelet analysis indicates that there is a 12-day cycle in most of the year. Precipitation occurs when the following two conditions are met. The instant PW is larger than the average PW of the past 12 days, and the other is the increment of PW in the last 16 hours is larger than the threshold. In summer, the most precipitation appears when the values of the minus value are high. Taking the above two conditions as the judging conditions, it could be prevented that the miscarriage of justice to precipitation when either the PW is high or the increment of the PW in 16-hour is larger than the threshold.
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图 1 2004年（a) 和2005年（b) GPS与探空大气水汽总量对比散点图
Fig. 1 Scatterplots of PW derived from GPS and radiosondes for 2004(a) and 2005(b)
图 2 2004—2007年7, 8月北京地区平均大气水汽总量日变化
Fig. 2 Mean diurnal variation of PW in July and August from 2004 to 2007 in Beijing
图 3 北京2006年7，8月的大气水汽总量、小时降水量、地面比湿和地面气温日变化对比图
Fig. 3 Diurnal variations of PW, hourly precipitation, surface specific humidity and surface temperature in July and August 2006 of Beijing
图 4 北京地区2006年7, 8月大气水汽总量和风矢量的日变化对比
Fig. 4 Diurnal variation of PW and wind vector in July and August 2006 of Beijing
图 5 2004年北京地区大气水汽总量Morlet小波分析
(a) Morlet小波功率谱, （b）全局小波功率谱
Fig. 5 The Morlet wavelet analysis of PW for 2004 in Beijing
(a) Morlet wavelet power spectrum, (b) global wavelet spectrum
图 6 2007年北京地IK大气水汽总fi Morlet小波分析
(a) Morlet小波功率谱, (b) 全局小波功率谱
Fig. 6 The Morlet wavelet analysis of PW for 2007 in Beijing
(a) Morlet wavelet power spectrum, (b) global wavelet spectrum
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