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时间差闪电监测网的误差分析和布局优化
Error Analyses and Network Optimization for Time-of-arrival Lightning Locating System
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摘要: 在时间差闪电定位算法的基础上, 采用蒙特卡罗模拟方法, 实现了对闪电定位误差的定量评估。详细分析了闪电定位系统中测站数目、布站方式和站址基线长度3个因素对定位结果的影响。研究表明:定位误差与测站数目、布站方式和基线长度有密切关系。当测站数目一定时, 矩形加中心站的布站方式定位结果较好; 当布站方式一定时, 测站数目越多定位误差越小; 在仪器允许的探测范围内, 基线越长, 覆盖区域越大, 定位误差越小。闪电定位误差的定量分析研究, 为闪电监测网的站址选择、子站布设等实际工作提供了重要参考依据。Abstract: Time of arrival (TOA) measurements in lightning studies is pioneered by Proctor D E in South Africa. With the high accuracy and large detection range, TOA lightning locating system are widely used all over the world. A variety of studies are made on the retrieval of lightning locations and analysis of location errors. Results show that network geometry, number of antennas, differencing scheme, timing error are important factors affecting retrieval accuracy. Location errors of TOA lightning locating system are analyzed, and effects of station amount, network geometry and baseline length on location accuracy are investigated too. A linear algebraic algorithm is introduced for retrieving the location and time of occurrence of lightning ground strikes from a TOA network. Based on the algorithm, Monte Carlo computer simulation method is used to estimate the locating error, assuming that the system has an overall timing root mean square error of 1 μs , neglecting all other possible errors (e.g., anomalous noise). The detailed spatial distributions of retrieval errors are provided. Results of this research provide scientific basis for design and optimize a lightning network in practical work. The results indicate, in a lightning locating system, location errors do not simply decrease with the amount of stations. They are closely related with network geometry. As for geometry of rectangle, diamond, star and triangle shape, rectangle network with a central station have better location accuracy. In a lightning locating system, sources outside the network have lager location errors than that inside the network. Range errors outside the network increase with distance away from center of the network. With a certain network geometry, location errors decrease with station amount. Regional lightning locating system requires a minimum of four stations. A good network requires three or more widely spaced stations transverse to waves approaching from any direction. A square network of four stations has blind regions near the symmetry axes. This problem can be solved by adding a central station in the square. Within the effective detection range of the network, coverage area and location accuracy both increase with the length of the baseline. On determination of baseline length, factors such as antenna's detection efficiency, timing errors, terrain are all important variables that should be considered.
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图 2 准对称布站方式下不同测站数目的误差等值线 (单位:km; 三角形表示探测子站)
(a) 四站三角形网络, (b) 五站矩形网络, (c) 七站矩形网络, (d) 九站矩形网络
Fig. 2 Contour map of locating error versus different station number in symmetrical networks
(unit:km; triangle denotes locating station)(a) triangle network with four stations, (b) rectangle network with five stations, (c) rectangle network with seven stations, (d) rectangle network with nine sta tions
图 3 五站定位系统中不同布站方式的定位误差等值线 (单位:km; 三角形表示探测子站)
(a) 矩形网络, (b) 菱形网络, (c) 星形网络, (d) 三角形网络
Fig. 3 Contour map of locating error versus different network geometry with five stations (unit:km; triangle denotes locating station)(a) rectangle network, (b) diamond network, (c) star network, (d) triangle network
图 4 误差小于1 km等效半径随基线长度的变化
Fig. 4 Radius of area where locating error is less than 1 km versus baseline of the network
图 5 四站矩形定位系统的高误差区域 (单位:km)
Fig. 5 High locating errors in a rectangle network with four stations (unit:km)
表 1 准对称布站方式下探测子站经纬度坐标
Table 1 Longitude and latitude of stations in symmetrical network
表 2 准对称布站方式下测站数目的定位结果物理量比较
Table 2 Locating error of different station number with symmetrical network
表 3 不同测站数目、不同布站方式下的定位结果物理量比较
Table 3 Comparison of locating errors with different stations number and network geometry
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