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利用无人机探测台风海鸥的气象要素特征
Characteristics of Meteorological Elements During Typhoon Kalmaegi Observed by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
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摘要: 2008年7月18日对0807号台风海鸥进行了无人机探测工作。该次探测为中国大陆首次利用无人机直接向台风中心方向飞行, 进行台风基本气象要素的探测。无人机对台风海鸥进行了近4 h的飞行探测, 飞行高度为500 m, 距台风中心最近距离为108.4 km, 成功获得了探测时段内的温度、气压、相对湿度、风向、风速及海拔高度等基本气象要素数据。结果表明:气压和海拔高度呈显著性相关 (r=-0.98);距离台风中心越近, 气压越低, 风速越大, 温度也呈明显下降趋势; 地面至300 m的平均温度梯度为-1.02 ℃/100 m, 300~500 m的平均温度梯度为-0.46 ℃/100 m, 近地面的温度随高度变化较大; 探测时段内, 风速最大值为22.3 m/s, 平均值为15.1 m/s。Abstract: China is one of the countries where meteorological disasters happen frequently, and typhoon is one ofthe most serious disasters.Meteorological Observation Center of China Meteorological Administrationhave carried out typhoon observation experiment by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in 2008.For the first time, UAV is used to observe typhoon Kalmaegion 18 July 2008, and it is a successfulfield campaign.The UAV sends back data and lands safely after the observation.The UAV flies directlytowards the typhon center and observes the temperature, relative humidity, pressure, wind direction andwind speed with onboard meteorological sensors.It takes almost 4 hours to observe the meteorological elements, the cruising altitude of UAV is 500 m and the nearest distance to typhoon center is about108.4 km.The meteorological elements such as air temperature, pressure, relative humidity, wind direction, wind speed and altitude are received successfully during the observation period.The UAV fliesthrough precipitation area, upwind area, strong convection and such serious flight environment.Thus aquasi-real-time observation system with the capability of flight observing, data collecting, processing anddistributing is established.The observation data reflects some basic characteristics of typhoon, showing that pressure and altitudehave good correlation (r=-0.98). Closer to the typhoon center, pressure is lower and wind speed ishigher.Gradients of temperature is about -1.02 ℃/100 m from ground to 300 m and about -0.46 ℃/100 m from 300 m to 500 m.The temperature varies largely with the height in the near surface layer, which shows that the ground surface has much influence on the temperature.During the observation period, the maximum wind velocity is about 22.3 m · s -1 with the average of about 15.1 m · s -1.Closer to the typhoon center, higher the relative humidity is.When the UAV arrives at the destination and returns, therelative humidity is 100%and after that it decreases.It can be concluded that when the relative humidity ishigh, UAV flies in the precipitation area.It also shows the waterproof performance of UAV is good, which ensures it fly normally in the precipitation weather.
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图 1 2008年7月18日无人机飞行轨迹
(红色线为飞行轨迹, 飞机从陆地飞向海洋及返航从海洋飞向陆地, 黄色点为台风中心位置: 25.8°N, 120.8°E)
Fig. 1 VAV flight trajectory on 18 July 2008
(the red line is fight trajectory, which shows the UAV flying from land to the sea and returned; the yellow dot stands for the center of typhoon Kalmaegi 25.8°N, 120.8°E)
图 2 2008年7月18日无人机探测台风“海鸥”的气压和海拔高度变化图
Fig. 2 The pressure and altitude variability of typhoon Kalmaegi observed by UAV on 18 July 2008
图 3 0~300 m及300~500 m爬升状态下的气压变化
Fig. 3 The pressure variability during the UAV climbing from the ground to 300 meters high and from 300 to 500 meters high
图 4 2008年7月18日无人机探测台风的温度变化图
Fig. 4 The temperature variability of typhoon Kalmaegi observed by UAV on 18 July 2008
图 5 0~300 m及300~500 m爬升状态下的温度变化
Fig. 5 The temperature variability during the UAV climbing from the ground to 300 meters high and from 300 to 500 meters high
图 6 2008年7月18日无人机探测台风的相对湿度 (a) 及风速 (b) 变化
Fig. 6 The relative humidity (a) and wind speed (b) variability of typhoon Kalmaegi observed by UAV on 18 July 2008
表 1 基本性能指标
Table 1 Basic performance indexes
表 2 气象要素静态测试指标
Table 2 Static test indexes of meteorological elements
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