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杭州市区大气臭氧浓度变化及气象要素影响
The Variation of Ozone Concentrations in Urban Districts of Hangzhou and Their Relationship with Meteorological Factors
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摘要: 利用2005-2007年杭州市区大气O3连续监测资料, 分析了O3浓度变化特征, 在此基础上结合气象观测资料, 分析了大气O3与天气系统间的关系, 建立了O3与气象要素间的多元回归方程。结果表明: 2007年O3平均浓度和最大小时浓度分别为44 μg.m-3和348 μg.m-3, 比上一年增加20%左右, 超标现象也越来越严重; O3浓度有明显的季节变化, 夏季高、冬季低; 大气O3浓度超标主要出现在高压后部和高压控制等天气类型。在紫外线强度较强时O3浓度也高, 二者呈显著正相关; 对O3与各种气象因子进行多元回归分析表明: O3主要受到温度、相对湿度、日照等因素影响。Abstract: Based on the observation data of near surface O3 and meteorological factors in 7 monitoring sites of Hangzhou urban area from 2005 to 2007, the O3 concentration and their temporal variation characteristics are researched. The peak hourly concentration and its nonattainment rate of Hangzhou are compared with those of other major cities at home and abroad. The variation of O3 concentration and its nonattainment rate under different weather conditions are studied, and the variation of O3 concentration with different levels of UV intense is discussed. The results show that the ozone concentration increases significantly year by year, the annual mean ozone concentration and the peak hourly concentration in 2007 are 44 μg.m-3 and 348 μg.m-3, respectively, showing a growth of about 20%from 2006. The ozone nonattainment rate in 2007 is 13.2%, about twice as high as that in 2006. The percentages of ozone nonattainment days from June to September are 75% in total nonattainment days. The appearing time of ozone nonattainment is from 10:00 to 18:00, and the most frequent appearing time of highest nonattainment concentration is around 14:00. The higher ozone nonattainment rate occurs in summer, primarily under the wind direction of SSE, lower in spring, still lower in fall, and the low est value occurs in winter, taking on a very obvious seasonal variation trend. The variation of ozone concentration in sites differs during four seasons, showing highest concentration in summer and lowest in winter where concentration are higher, but on the others sites highest value occurs in spring and lowest in winter. The diurnal mean concentration during the rainy season is low er with effects of air mass and meteorological conditions brought by summer monsoon. The diurnal variation ranges of ozone concentration are different in four seasons, showing higher peak value and low er valley in summer and fall. The concentrations of peak and valley are all low er in winter. The diurnal variation range of higher concentration sites is bigger than that of lower concentration sites. The peak hourly concentration in Hangzhou is close to the levels of Texas, US and Hong Kong, China, but the nonattainment range is higher. During the daytime, the highest ozone concentration occurs under the wind direction of SE, and during nighttime under the wind direction of E. The variation of ozone concentration changes with synoptic systems. The ozone concentrations in areas controlled by high pressure passage and high pressure systems are higher, and percentages of nonattainment days are 37.8% and 24.4% respectively. The ozone concentration is higher on the UV intense days. The ozone concentration and intensity of UV radiation are significantly correlated. The results of multiple regression analysis between ozone concentrations and various weather factors show that the temperature, relative humidity, duration of sunshine are major factors that affect ozone concentration. The ozone concentration is remarkable negatively correlated with relative humidity and visibility (P < 0.05), and is significantly positively correlated with the temperature and sunshine (P < 0.05). The cause is that higher temperature, lower relative humidity and longer time of sunshine may accelerate the rate of photochemical reaction, which has a positive impact on O3 generation, and leads to higher concentration of ozone, otherwise ozone concentration is lower.
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图 1 2005-2007年O3浓度日平均浓度 (a) 及日最大小时浓度 (b)
Fig. 1 O3 daily mean concentration (a) and daily maximum hourly concentration (b)
图 2 2005-2007年不同点位四季O3平均浓度日分布曲线
Fig. 2 Average diurnal variations of O3 concentrations at different sites in different seasons from 2005 to 2007
图 3 2005-2007年O3年平均浓度和最大小时浓度比较
Fig. 3 Annual mean concentrations and maxium hourly concentrations of O3 from 2005 to 2007
图 4 2007年各点位O3浓度超标率日分布
Fig. 4 Daily distribution of ozone nonattainment rates at different sites in 2007
图 5 风频 (单位:%) 和O3浓度 (单位:μg·m-3) 玫瑰图
Fig. 5 Rose maps of winds (unit:%) and ozone concentrations (unit:μg·m-3)
图 6 O3超标率玫瑰图 (单位:%)
Fig. 6 Rose map of ozone nonattainment rates in day time, spring, summer and fall (unit:%)
图 7 O3不同浓度段中不同天气系统出现日数
Fig. 7 The days of different related to different synoptic systems ozone levels
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