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地形湍流拖曳力参数化及在GRAPES中的应用

薛海乐 沈学顺 苏勇

薛海乐, 沈学顺, 苏勇. 地形湍流拖曳力参数化及在GRAPES中的应用. 应用气象学报, 2011, 22(2): 169-181..
引用本文: 薛海乐, 沈学顺, 苏勇. 地形湍流拖曳力参数化及在GRAPES中的应用. 应用气象学报, 2011, 22(2): 169-181.
Xue Haile, Shen Xueshun, Su Yong. Parameterization of turbulent orographic form drag and implementation in GRAPES. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2011, 22(2): 169-181.
Citation: Xue Haile, Shen Xueshun, Su Yong. Parameterization of turbulent orographic form drag and implementation in GRAPES. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2011, 22(2): 169-181.

地形湍流拖曳力参数化及在GRAPES中的应用

资助项目: 

国家自然科学基金创新研究群体科学基金 40921003

国际科技合作项目 2008DFA22180

国家自然科学基金面上项目 40675063

国家科技支撑计划项目 2006BAC02802

详细信息
    通信作者:

    沈学顺, E-mail: shenxs@cams.cma.gov.cn

Parameterization of Turbulent Orographic Form Drag and Implementation in GRAPES

  • 摘要: 分辨率的限制使得不能被模式识别的地形称为次网格尺度地形,次网格尺度地形在热力和动力方面对实际大气有着不可忽略的作用,其效应只能通过参数化的形式回馈给模式。分辨率的提高使得与较小尺度地形相联系的地形湍流拖曳力凸显其重要性。数值模式中地形湍流拖曳力的参数化对完善模式物理过程和改善模式近地层预报效果具有积极意义,其方法包括有效粗糙度法和直接参数化法,而GRAPES模式中并未以任何方法考虑次网格尺度地形的影响。该文通过单柱模式比较了有效粗糙度法和直接参数化法的优劣, 发现后者在有些方面优于前者。最后,将应用于实际的一个直接参数化方案接入GRAPES中尺度模式中,进行个例模拟,并与NCEP再分析资料进行对比,结果表明:考虑地形湍流拖曳力方案对模式预报具有改进作用,尤其对局地低层风场具有积极影响。
  • 图  1  有效粗糙度法和直接参数化法 (应用WBH01方案) 对低层气流的作用

    (a) 有效粗糙度随坡度和地面粗糙度的变化,(b) 地表总应力 (被摩擦速度的平方标准化) 随坡度的变化,(c) 模式第1层 (5.5 m) 纬向风随坡度变化,(d) 模式第1层 (5.5 m) 经向风随坡度变化

    Fig. 1  The influence of effective roughness method and directed method (using WBH01 scheme) on the lower layer

    (a) the effective roughness changes with local roughness and slope, (b) the total surface stress (normalized by friction velocity square), (c) the zonal velocity changes of the 1st model level (5.5 m) with slope, (d) the meridional velocity changes of the 1st model level (5.5 m) with slope

    图  2  应力 (a) 和风速 (b) 垂直廓线

    Fig. 2  Momentum flux (a) and velocity (b) profile

    图  3  地形湍流拖曳力直接参数化法对纬向风速 (a)、经向风速 (b) 和纬向应力 (c)、经向应力 (d) 的影响

    Fig. 3  The influence of form drag on zonal velocity (a), meridional velocity (b) and zonal flux (c), meridional flux (d)

    图  4  WBH01方案 (a) 和BBW04方案 (b) 动能倾向诊断

    Fig. 4  The diagnosis of kinetic energy tendency for WBH01 scheme (a) and BBW04 scheme (b)

    图  5  无量纲化地表地形湍流拖曳力随坡度变化

    Fig. 5  The change of the normalized surface form drag with slope

    图  6  试验I2B6地形湍流拖曳力造成的区域平均速度倾向随时间的变化 (每个时次间隔3 h)

    Fig. 6  The change of area average velocity tendency caused by form drag with time in case I2B6 (the time interval is 3 hours)

    图  7  I2B6试验24 h预报场地形湍流拖曳力造成的速度倾向沿30°N垂直剖面图 (阴影),模式面第1层全风速大小 (绿线) 和地形标准偏差 (红线)

    Fig. 7  30°N zonal section of velocity tendency (shaded area) caused by 24-hour prediction form drag, the 1st level wind speed (green line) and orographic standard deviation (red line) in case I2B6

    图  8  风速相对偏差分布 (单位:m·s-1)

    Fig. 8  The relative bias of wind speed (unit:m·s-1)

    图  9  10 m高度纬向风和经向风速考虑与不考虑BBW04方案的均方根误差和偏差

    Fig. 9  RMS error and bias of 10-meter zonal and meridional winds between cases with and without BBW04 scheme

    表  1  个例模拟简明表

    Table  1  Cases concise table

    试验简称 描述 区域 起报时间
    O8B15 外围考虑BBW04方案,0.15°分辨率 15°~65°N,70°~145°E 2008-12-08T00:00
    O8N15 外围不考虑拖曳力方案,0.15°分辨率 15°~65°N,70°~145°E 2008-12-08T00:00
    O2B15 外围考虑BBW04方案,0.15°分辨率 15°~65°N,70°~145°E 2009-08-02T00:00
    O2N15 外围不考虑拖曳力方案,0.15°分辨率 15°~65°N,70°~145°E 2009-08-02T00:00
    I8B6 嵌套,考虑BBW04方案,0.06°分辨率 20°~38°N,92°~113°E 2008-12-08T00:00
    I8N6 嵌套,不考虑拖曳力方案,0.06°分辨率 20°~38°N,92°~113°E 2008-12-08T00:00
    I2B6 嵌套,考虑BBW04方案,0.06°分辨率 20°~38°N,92°~113°E 2009-08-02T00:00
    I2N6 嵌套,不考虑拖曳力方案,0.06°分辨率 20°~38°N,92°~113°E 2009-08-02T00:00
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  • 收稿日期:  2010-06-07
  • 修回日期:  2010-10-18
  • 刊出日期:  2011-04-30

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