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Real Time Observing and Forecasting System for Soil Moisture in Anhui Province
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摘要: 基于农业气象业务需求，研发安徽省土壤水分监测预测服务系统，可为防汛抗旱决策服务提供技术支持。该文首先建立人工取土、自动土壤水分观测站等不同渠道土壤水分监测资料的实时传输与处理系统，再利用不同季节资料建立土壤墒情统计预测模型，然后对Surfer 8.0和线柱图控件进行二次开发，实现不同季节和不同土层的土壤墒情监测预测结果表格化、图形化动态显示与输出。该研究建立的土壤旱涝监测预测系统实现了从土壤水分原始监测数据到标准化土壤水分综合数据库、再从监测预测初级产品到动态及图形化显示的服务产品的四级数据文件转化及业务逻辑流程，系统业务实用性和转化力强，该系统已成功应用于安徽省农业旱涝预报预警业务服务。Abstract: In order to meet the needs of flood control and drought relief, the operation of soil moisture observation is launched routinely in meteorological department, by artificial boring stick all the time or by automatic measurer in recent years. However, the use of soil moisture data is always lagging with poor matching service and continuity. Based on the soil water observation network (including the manual and automatic network) and many kinds of approaches for data transmission, Real Time Observing and Forecasting System for Soil Moisture in Anhui Province (SMRTOFS) is developed. SMRTOFS is composed of data observation and transmission subsystem, forecast subsystem, and display subsystem. In data observation and transmission subsystem, the data from manual observers and automatic observation stations is collected in real time and stored in standard soil moisture database, and the data from unexpected transmission approach is also automatically gathered and conserved by defining an intermediate file. In forecast subsystem, predicting models of soil water content for each season are established, and soil moisture forecast is achieved using the latest soil water observation data and the coming 10-day weather information. In the display subsystem, based on the secondary development of Golden Software Surfer 8.0 and line bar chart control, the results of soil water observation and prediction in different seasons and different depths are exported and displayed dynamically, with the patterns of data table, the filled contour in spatial scale, bar chart, and so on. In the system, four-level files from observation to application are constructed including observation raw data, standard database, primary products and user products. The operation flow of soil moisture observation and forecast is reduced to transforming the four-level files. With higher applicability and compatibility, the system is applied triumphantly to the service of agricultural drought and waterlogging operation in Anhui Province. The information could be used to avoid the loss of flood and drought disaster. However, the soil moisture forecasting is based on statistical method, so the model parameters need modification for other regions. Implementing better Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum model can also improve the performance of this system.
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Key words:
- soil water;
- real time observing;
- forecasting system
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图 3 数据插值与等值线色斑图生成原理
Fig. 3 The principle of data interpolation and contour map filling
图 4 土壤水分监测实例 (a) 线状图显示，(b) 动态播放最近N个时次土壤水分空间变化
Fig. 4 The example of soil water observing
(a) linear graph display, (b) dynamically showing of the latest soil water data on spatial scale
图 5 土壤水分预测实例
(a) 0~20 cm预测，(b)20~50 cm预测，(c)0~20 cm预测值与实测值比较，(d)20~50 cm预测值与实测值比较
Fig. 5 The example of soil water forecasting (a) forecasting in 0—20 cm depth, (b) forecasting in 20—50 cm depth, (c) comparison between predicting value and observing value in 0—20 cm depth, (d) comparison between predicting value and observing value in 20—50 cm depth
表 1 土壤相对湿度θ′的干旱等级
Table 1 Drought index of soil relative humidity
等级 类型 土壤相对湿度/% 1 过湿 θ′＞90 2 正常 60＜θ′≤90 3 轻旱 50＜θ′≤60 4 中旱 40＜θ′≤50 5 重旱 θ′≤40 
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表 2 土壤墒情预测模型参数
Table 2 The parameters of soil water forecasting model
季节 a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 P≤P0 春季 10.70 0.768 -0.034 0.538 -0.024 夏季 32.80 0.657 -0.067 0.540 -0.070 秋季 10.82 0.833 -0.035 0.386 -0.027 冬季 0.72 0.930 -0.016 0.295 -0.015 P＞P0 春季 33.28 0.420 -0.020 7.320 -0.137 夏季 44.13 0.280 -0.049 7.580 -0.030 秋季 39.31 0.405 -0.051 7.750 -0.112 冬季 35.08 0.441 -0.021 5.870 -0.010
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表 3 土壤水分观测数据表结构
Table 3 Table structure of soil water
列名 中文名称 类型 单位 Rq 日期 character Zhh 站号 character Zhm 站名 character Sjlx* 数据类别 integer Tzlx 台站类型 integer Sgg 灌溉标示 integer S10 0~10 cm single % S20 10~20 cm single % S30 20~30 cm single % S40 30~40 cm single % S50 40~50 cm single % S60 50~60 cm single % S70 60~70 cm single % S80 70~80 cm single % S90 80~90 cm single % S100 90~100 cm single % Sgtc 干土层厚度 integer cm 注：*数据类别有3种：0表示相对湿度，1表示体积含水率，2表示重量含水率。
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表 4 类SurferIni属性定义
Table 4 Property of the class of SurferIni
属性 数据类型 备注 Back_layer string 背景图层路径 Grid_txt string 图形数据文件路径 LongLat (1 to 4) single 图像经纬度区间 Level_file string 自定义的色标文件路径 Bln_file string 白化时省边界文件路径 Bmp_width integer 输出图像宽 Bmp_Height integer 输出图像高 Bmp_output string 图像输出路径 BmpWHbili boolean 是否按高/宽比输出 Srf_output string *.srf输出路径
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