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alidation of Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Model with Field Experiments Using Tethered-balloon-borne Facilities
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摘要: 中国科学院大气物理研究所中层大气和全球环境探测重点实验室 (LAGEO) 建立了以系留气艇为平台的综合探测系统。通过气艇在大气边界层上升、下降过程获得不同高度的气象参数和同时的辐射参数。以气象参数为输入，应用辐射传输模式 (MODTRAN4.0) 获得模式辐射输出，将其与实测辐射值作对比，验证MODTRAN4.0模式的准确性，为有关目标识别与遥感提供基础。2006年8月在中国科学院大气物理研究所香河综合观测站利用系留气艇平台进行了验证实验，并对热红外波段的模式对比结果进行分析。结果表明：所建实验系统具备进行模式验证的能力，在热红外波段，MODTRAN4.0模式输出结果与实测辐射亮度之间的相对误差的均方差在边界层大气条件下小于3%。Abstract: Atmospheric radiative transfer and its algorithms are the theoretical basis and effective tools in the field of remote sensing and inversion algorithm in the earth system, and also the key tools for the space,ground target recognition and quantitative assessment of background radiation. During recent decades, a series of radiative transfer(RT) model have been proposed to support a large variety of quantitative remote sensing as well as target,background discrimination research and applications. Owing to respective approximations and simplifications inherent in those RT models, their accuracy, uncertainty and adaptability are of critical significance to different researchers and end users. Validation of the RT model for its different wave band, in particular by using field experiments is necessary, especially for those applications with higher accuracy demands. Among the RT codes currently used, a considerable part of them are MODTRAN and its evolution versions. In China, MODTRAN has also been applied to the study of remote sensing, atmospheric correction of satellite images, and a wide range of applications in the atmospheric sciences, hence, the validation mainly focuses on MODTRAN model and the thermal infrared window 8—14 μm (714~1250 cm-1) band first of all. Due to little atmospheric absorption in the infrared window band and very low radiance, this band is a range of wavelengths to which the Earth's atmosphere is relatively transparent, and is an important band used for space,ground target recognition, and ground/satellite-based remote sensing as well. Because the spectral composition of radiation transfer varies greatly with varying local environmental conditions, such as aerosol characteristics, water vapor content, surface temperature, greenhouse gases and so on, the accuracy that MODTRAN demonstrates should be attained by making the comparisons between observed radiances and the radiances computed from coincident in situ profile data. For field experiment validation, a scheme is proposed, using a special patented tethered balloon as platform and a combined sensor system consisting of both meteorological (GPS radiosonde, aerosol particle spectrometer, ozonesonde) and radiation observation instruments (visible and broadband thermal infrared imager), as well as wireless receiver,transmitter. Field experiments are conducted in August 2006 at IAP's Xianghe Observatory. During the process the tethered balloon going up and down in the atmosphere of boundary layer, measurements of both meteorological and radiation instruments at different height are carried out simultaneously. Using the observed meteorological parameters as input to RT model (MODTRAN 4.0), comparisons between observed radiances and radiances output from the model are used to validate the accuracy of the RT algorithm. The balloon is launched and drawn back for 16 times to do the validation. Analysis on the experiment results show that in thermal infrared wave band, the statistical results of the root-mean-square error of relative error between model output (with real-time meteorological parameters as input) and simultaneous radiance measurements is less than ±3%
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Key words:
- Radiative transfer;
- alidation;
- tethered-balloon;
- thermal infrared
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图 2 北京1—12月天顶亮温随高度的变化 (单位：℃)
(a) 能见度为23 km, (b) 能见度为3 km
Fig. 2 Seasonal variation of the vertical distribution of thermal infrared brightness temperature in zenith direction over Beijing(unit: ℃) (a) VIS=23 km, (b) VIS=3 km
图 3 北京不同季节天顶亮温随能见度的分布情况 (单位：℃)
Fig. 3 Variation of zenith looking thermal infrared brightness temperature with height and surface visibility over Beijing for different seasons(unit：℃)
图 5 2006年8月15日温、湿、压廓线1 km以上分别采用北京市观象台早晚两次探空资料的模拟计算结果
Fig. 5 Model output of zenith looking thermal radiation with height by using tethered-balloon borne observation within 1 km and morning and evening radiosonding profiles on 15 August 2006
图 6 2006年8月15日17:19—17:45晴空情况下气艇上升实验对比
Fig. 6 Comparion of model output and field observation of infrared radiances for clear sky during 17:19—17:45 on 15 August 2006
图 7 2006年8月24日14:18—14:37层状云情况下气艇上升试验对比图
Fig. 7 Comparion of model output and field observation of infrared radiances for overcast sky during 14:18—14:37 on 24 August 2006
图 8 2006年8月23日18:08—18:26分立云块情况下气艇下降试验对比图
Fig. 8 Comparion of model output and field observation of infrared radiances for broken cloudy sky during 18:08—18:26 on 23 August 2006
表 1 系留气艇观测时间与相关气象情况
Table 1 Meteorological conditions during field experiments
实验
序号起始时间 气艇
状态天气云况 云量/成 地面能
见度/km数据及处理 1 08-12T20:31 上升 阴, 层状云 10 1 由于上升中至少3层不同高度云过顶，过于复杂， 2 08-12T21:18 下降 阴, 层状云 10 1 未处理600 m以下处于同一云层下，600~1000 m有云层变化 3 08-15T15:27 上升 晴 20 1000 m以下均合适 4 08-15T15:53 下降 晴 20 1000 m以下均合适 5 08-15T17:19 上升 晴 20 1000 m以下均合适 6 08-15T17:46 下降 晴 20 200~1000 m合适，200 m以下姿态可能不稳 7 08-17T12:50 上升 层状云 10 5 间歇于2块云层下，分别于不同云底高度下 8 08-17T13:14 下降 层状云 10 5 500 m以下与850 m以上同一天空，550~750 m为同一云层 9 08-21T15:32 上升 毛卷云 2 5 650 m以下合适 10 08-21T15:55 下降 毛卷云 2 5 550 m以下合适 11 08-21T17:12 上升 毛卷云, 密卷云 3 10 700 m以下合适 12 08-21T17:23 下降 毛卷云, 密卷云 3 10 400~750 m合适, 100~400 m合适 13 08-23T15:04 上升 毛卷云 2 4 550 m以下、900~1050 m合适 14 08-23T15:25 下降 毛卷云 2 4 1000 m以下合适 15 08-23T15:40 上升 毛卷云 2 4 1000 m以下合适 16 08-23T15:54 下降 毛卷云 2 4 600~1000 m、550 m以下合适 17 08-23T17:00 上升 毛卷云 2 4 云况十分复杂，处于有云、无云变化状态 18 08-23T17:14 下降 毛卷云 2 4 云况太复杂，无法处理 19 08-23T17:35 上升 毛卷云 2 4 云有一定复杂性，800 m以下基本合适 20 08-23T18:08 下降 毛卷云 2 4 850 m以下合适 21 08-23T18:52 上升 毛卷云 2 5 1000 m以下合适 22 08-23T19:05 下降 毛卷云 2 5 900 m以下合适 23 08-24T11:29 上升 高积云 10 3 1000 m以下合适 24 08-24T11:46 下降 高积云 10 3 云况太复杂，无法处理 25 08-24T13:39 上升 高积云, 高层云 10 3 云况太复杂，无法处理 26 08-24T13:53 下降 高积云, 高层云 10 3 400 m以下合适 27 08-24T14:18 上升 高积云, 高层云 8 4 850 m以下合适 28 08-24T14:38 下降 高积云, 高层云 8 4 云况太复杂，无法处理 29 08-24T15:29 上升 高积云, 高层云 8 4 1000 m以下合适 30 08-24T15:40 下降 高积云, 高层云 8 4 1000 m以下合适 31 08-24T16:19 上升 高积云, 高层云 6 5 云况太复杂，无法处理 32 08-24T16:35 下降 高积云, 高层云 6 5 600 m以下合适 
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表 2 验证对比统计结果
Table 2 Statistical result of the validation
试验序号 时间 气艇状态 对比高度范围 晴空或云下 相对误差均方差/% 2 08-12T21:18 下降 地面~800 m 云下 1.59 3 08-15T15:27 上升 地面~1014 m 晴 4.82 4 08-15T15:53 下降 地面~904 m 晴 2.00 5 08-15T17:19 上升 地面~1029 m 晴 1.59 6 08-15T17:46 下降 200~ 984 m 晴 3.55 8 08-17T13:14 下降 地面~506 m，
530~723 m云下 1.53 2.80 9 08-21T15:32 上升 地面~ 663 m 云下 3.49 10 08-21T15:55 下降 地面~ 545 m 云下 2.04 11 08-21T17:12 上升 地面~ 667 m 云下 2.46 12 08-21T17:23 下降 400~727 m 云下 2.41 13 08-23T15:04 上升 地面~486 m，
898~1036 m云下 0.87 2.07 14 08-23T15:25 下降 地面~486 m 云下 4.56 15 08-23T15:40 上升 地面~1003 m 云下 3.34 16 08-23T15:54 下降 地面~549 m，
632~1023 m云下 3.06 2.56 19 08-23T17:35 上升 地面~767 m 云下 3.87 20 08-23T18:08 下降 119~849 m 云下 2.45 21 08-23T18:52 上升 地面~784 m 云下 3.27 22 08-23T19:05 下降 107~908 m 云下 4.60 23 08-24T11:29 上升 地面~1130 m 云下 3.23 26 08-24T13:53 下降 地面~389 m 云下 1.02 27 08-24T14:18 上升 地面~848 m 云下 0.89 29 08-24T15:29 上升 98~1026 m 云下 6.74 30 08-24T15:40 下降 地面~1030 m 云下 5.95 32 08-24T16:35 下降 地面~601 m 云下 2.31
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