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Aerosol Chemical Compositions of Beijing PM1 and Its Control Countermeasures
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摘要: 通过分析北京城区2007年夏季和秋季、2008年冬季和春季4个季节PM1中硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵盐、有机物和黑碳等气溶胶化学组成，结合对我国及全球主要区域PM10中上述气溶胶组分及矿物气溶胶组成的评估，发现因受干旱区产生的沙尘和城市逸散性粉尘的共同影响，整个亚洲大陆，尤其是我国的矿物气溶胶浓度与欧美国家城市区域气溶胶总和的平均值相当或更高。我国在重视控制PM2.5等细粒子污染的同时，不应忽视对PM2.5~PM10之间粗粒子的控制力度；北京城区春、夏、秋、冬的PM1平均质量浓度分别约为94，74，66 μg·m-3和91 μg·m-3，全年平均约为81 μg·m-3，其中有机物气溶胶约占41%，硫酸盐占16%，硝酸盐占13%，铵盐占8%，黑碳和氯化物分别占11%和3%，细矿物气溶胶约贡献7%。对于PM2.5污染的控制，关键是消减PM1中主要气溶胶粒子的排放与转化，其中对有机物的控制更为重要，尽管对于北京而言进一步污染控制的难度已经很大。从科学上来说，即使我国的控制措施能百分之百实现，也很难稳定地达到欧美国家的空气质量水平，因为我国本底矿物气溶胶的浓度较高。应进一步评估各项控制措施的适用性，并制定考虑我国人群健康状况的PM2.5空气质量标准。Abstract: The mass concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, ammonium products, organic matter and black carbon are measured at urban Beijing during summer, autumn of 2007 and winter, spring of 2008. Combining assessment of major chemical compositions in less than 10 micron particles with at least an entire year data from various rural and urban sites in 16 areas of the world, the concentration level of mineral aerosol in China, which is partially a result of sand and dust transported from desert areas and contributions from urban fugitive dust/fly ash sources, is found to be almost equivalent to or even higher than the sum of all kind of aerosols in urban Europe and North America, suggesting the control countermeasures for aerosol particle in diameter between 2.5 and 10 micron in China should not be neglected, especially when the country pays much attention to control the fine PM2.5 particles. In urban Beijing, the averaged concentrations of PM1 are around 94, 74, 66 μg·m-3 and 91 μg·m-3 for spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively, with the annual mean of 81 μg·m-3. The relative contributions of organics, sulfate, nitrate and ammonium product are about 41%, 16%, 13% and 8%, respectively. The black carbon and chloride contribute Beijing PM1 about 11% and 3%, respectively. The fine mineral aerosol contributes about 7%. The key of control PM2.5 is to reduce the main emission species and their chemical transformation of PM1 particles, and the more important is to control the organic matter at Beijing, although Beijing's pollution control has been very difficult since 26 million people living there. To be scientifically, even if China's control countermeasures can achieve one hundred percent, it is also hard to reach the air quality level of Europe and North America, because of the higher background mineral aerosol level. The cost-effective control measures and new PM2.5 standard considering the health of Chinese need to be further investigated.
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Key words:
- PM2.5;
- PM1;
- aerosol chemical compositions;
- fine particle control
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图 2 2007—2008年北京城区PM1中各气溶胶化学组分比例
Fig. 2 Percentage of chemical species of PM1 in Beijing during 2007—2008
图 3 2008年北京一次排放的有机物气溶胶中各来源所占比例
Fig. 3 Relative contributions of various sources for primary OC emission in Beijing during 2008
图 4 008年北京排放的挥发性有机物 (VOCs) 中各来源所占比例
Fig. 4 Relative contributions of various sources for VOCs emission in Beijing during 2008
图 5 2008年北京排放的黑碳气溶胶中各来源所占比例
Fig. 5 Relative contributions of various sources for BC emission in Beijing during 2008
图 6 2008年北京排放的SO2中各来源所占比例
Fig. 6 Relative contributions of various sources for SO2 emission in Beijing during 2008
图 7 2008年北京排放的NOx中各来源所占比例
Fig. 7 Relative contributions of various sources for NOx emission in Beijing during 2008
图 8 2008年北京排放的NH3中各来源所占比例
Fig. 8 Relative contributions of various sources for NH3 emission in Beijing during 2008
表 1 北京四季PM1及其中各气溶胶化学组成的平均质量浓度 (单位：μg·m-3)
Table 1 Mass concentration and chemical composition of PM1 in Beijing (unit:μg·m-3)
气溶胶化学组成 春季 (2008-04-10—05-04，565 h) 夏季 (2007-08-06—08-31，515 h) 秋季 (2007-11-10—11-30，476 h) 冬季 (2008-01-04—02-03，670 h) 平均值 标准差 平均值 标准差 平均值 标准差 平均值 标准差 有机物 34.3 13.3 28.4 14.4 29.5 22.2 42.6 25.0 硫酸盐 15.6 10.7 18.0 15.1 7.0 7.9 11.4 8.8 硝酸盐 16.3 11.9 9.3 11.4 7.6 7.4 9.2 6.8 铵盐 8.5 5.5 7.1 6.4 4.7 4.4 6.4 4.6 黑碳 9.4① 7.8② 8.1① 11.6① 氯化物 1.6 1.2 0.7 1.1 2.7 2.5 3.5 2.6 矿物气溶胶③ 8.0 1.3 4.3 1.7 5.6 1.3 6.4 1.4 PM1 94 74 66 91 ① 考虑一次有机物与黑碳同源，并认为总有机物中有约50%为二次转化的粒子[10]，根据夏季与其他三季一次有机物浓度的比值以及夏季测到的黑碳质量浓度，估算的黑碳质量浓度。 ② 同期通过光学方法观测到的黑碳质量浓度，其转化和标校考虑了矿物气溶胶的贡献[13]。 ③ 我国华北矿物气溶胶春、夏、秋、冬的平均质量浓度约为106，57，74 μg•m-3和86 μg•m-3[10], 小于1 μm矿物气溶胶在北京占总矿物气溶胶的比例约为7.5%(5%~10%[12])，以此估算获得的细粒子矿物气溶胶质量浓度。 
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