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Inter-comparision and Application of Atmospheric Humidity Profiles Measured by CFH and Vaisala RS80 Radisondes
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摘要: 对2010年8月在云南腾冲利用芬兰Vaisala RS80和低温霜点仪 (Cryogenic Frostpoint Hygrometer，CFH) 两种探空仪测量大气湿度的垂直分布进行对比分析，同时比较它们白天和夜间测量误差的差别，并对国产GTS1，RS80和CFH共3种探空仪测量水汽总量与地基GPS遥测结果进行比较。结果表明：RS80湿度测值在整个对流层比CFH测值偏干 (23.7±18.5)%；因太阳辐射白天RS80偏干较夜间更明显，比夜间偏干 (13.5±14.8)%。而在对流层上层向平流层过渡区域内RS80湿度数据基本无效。CFH在低温、低湿环境下对湿度能有效测量，但在湿度较高的对流层低层测值偏高，导致比较中CFH水汽总量平均比GPS遥测的水汽总量偏高 (4.3±2.0) mm (样本数为11)，而RS80，GTS1与GPS的水汽总量差别分别是 (0.2±1.4) mm (样本数为12), (-0.2±2.2) mm (样本数为43)。地基GPS遥测的水汽总量对对流层上层至平流层的水汽变化不敏感。由于RS80测量相对湿度在高空偏低，通过RS80相对湿度测值来确定中、高云结果是偏低的，特别是对6000 m以上的高云判别上，RS80相对湿度的探测几乎很难甄别到云的存在。Abstract: Vertical profiles of atmospheric humidity simultaneously measured by balloon-borne Cryogenic Frostpoint Hygrometer (CFH) and Vaisala RS80 radiosonde in Tengchong, Yunnan in August 2010 are analyzed. Currently, CFH is the reference instrument in the measurement of atmosphere water vapor profile. RS80 radiosonde is ever extensively used in the world before the middle of 1990s. The humidity data measured by CFH is used to assess the quality of RS80 radiosonde humidity data. The difference of RS80 radiosonde humidity data in day and night time respectively compared to CFH data is also given in individual inter-comparison. The results have revealed there is a large dry bias produced by the RS80 humidity sensor with average of (23.7±18.5)%, and the daytime dry bias is (13.5±14.8)% larger than that in the nighttime owing to solar radiation heating on the humidity sensor. In addition, RS80 radiosonde is almost incapable of measuring the valuable humidity data in the transition region from upper troposphere to lower stratosphere. For the integrated precipitable water (PW) amounts from the profiles of GTS1, RS80, CFH and their comparisons with GPS measurements, CFH integrated PW is (4.3±2.0) mm (number of samples is 11) higher than that of GPS because that CFH tends to be saturation at moist condition, especially when passes through cloud in lower troposphere, while the PW differences of RS80, GTS1 from the GPS measurements are (0.2±1.4) mm (number of samples is 12) and (-0.2±2.2) mm (number of samples is 43) respectively. The value of GPS PW is not sensitive to the humidity variations in the altitudes above upper troposphere. CFH is demonstrated as an effective instrument measuring water vapor concentration in the circumstance with lower temperature as well as lower humidity, such as in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Owing to dry bias, RS80 radiosonde detects less middle or high clouds than CFH does, especially in the detection of high clouds above 6000 m where the low humidity value from RS80 radiosonde almost cannot indicate the occurrence of cloud. Therefore, the occurrence frequency and altitude of high cloud would be much underestimated if RS80 radiosonde water profiles are used.
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图 1 2010年8月云南腾冲CFH，RS80探空仪观测水汽垂直分布的比较 (a) 及RS80相对于CFH的测值误差δq(b)
Fig. 1 Vertical profiles of water concentration (a) measured by CFH and RS80 radiosondes with their relative difference δq(b) at Tengchong, Yunnan in August 2010
图 2 2010年8月26日白天云南腾冲CFH，RS80探空仪观测水汽垂直分布的比较
(a) 水汽垂直分布，(b) 相对误差
Fig. 2 Individual intercomparison of day-time water vapor concentration profiles (a) measured by CFH and RS80 radiosondes with their relative difference δq(b) at Tengchong, Yunnan on 26 August 2010
图 3 2010年8月15日夜间云南腾冲CFH，RS80探空仪观测水汽垂直分布的比较
(a) 水汽垂直分布，(b) 相对误差
Fig. 3 Individual intercomparison of night-time water vapor concentration profiles (a) measured by CFH and RS80 radiosondes with their relative difference δq(b) at Tengchong, Yunnan on 15 August 2010
图 4 2010年8月云南腾冲探空仪水汽总量在不同情形下与GPS地基遥测的水汽总量比较及相互关系
Fig. 4 Intercomparisons of precipitable water (PW) amounts between GPS measurements and different integrated values of radiosonde-based water concentration profiles at Tengchong, Yunnan in August 2010
表 1 RS80和CFH测量平均水汽体积混合比比较 (单位：10－6)
Table 1 Intercomparsion of averaged water vapor concentrations between CFH and Vaisala RS80 radiosonde measurements (unit: 10－6)
高度/km RS80 CFH 混合比±标准差 样本数 混合比±标准差 样本数 0~5 13583±5426 546 15334±6403 540 5~10 2164±1865 542 2335±2044 517 10~15 58±90 550 79±109 485 15~20 10±14 526* 4.7±1.1 382 20以上 135±233 322* 5.0±1.0 192 注：*表示测值已没有意义。 
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表 2 2010年RS80与CFH在云南腾冲分别对云的观测高度 (单位：m)
Table 2 Inter-comparison of cloud altitudes detected by RS80 and CFH at Tengchong, Yunnan in 2010(unit: m)
日期 低云 中云 高云 CFH RS80 CFH RS80 CFH RS80 08-08 500~1725 3710~4206 08-13 500~2000 749~1826 2000~3875 2155~2596 5875~6067 08-15 500~1624 572~1595 3382~6000 3654~6000 6000~8939 6000~6572 08-17 500~2000 566~2000 2000~3795 2000~3094 7700~8225 08-19 500~2000 1468~2271 2000~4480 3365~4417 5924~6557 7376~8079 08-21 500~2000 500~3391 2000~5387 4179~5070 6075~6557 7037~7170 8331~8343 08-22 685~4393 1700~1751 4977~6157 3933~4073 6523~6694 08-24 500~2000 1661~2439 2000~4969 2888~4931 08-26 500~2081 1871~2013 2510~3622 6180~6788 6449~6500 3926~5200 7105~7181 08-28 523~1676 1394~1460 1933~2897 2324~2690 7376~7937 3099~3276 3629~3843 08-30 500~2000 2000~3805 2657~3766
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