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Interaction Between Landfalling Tropical Cyclone and Summer Monsoon with Influences on Torrential Rain
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摘要: 利用《热带气旋年鉴》资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料采用动态合成分析方法，研究了登陆热带气旋降水与夏季风急流之间的关系，同时对登陆热带气旋与夏季风急流发生相互作用的典型个例强热带风暴Bilis (0604) 利用数值模拟方法研究了二者之间的相互作用对暴雨的影响。结果表明：登陆后造成大范围强降水的热带气旋往往与低层急流长时间相连，其水汽通量和潜热能显著大于弱降水热带气旋。数值试验结果表明：夏季风低空急流向热带气旋输送水汽对热带气旋结构维持有利，当水汽输送被截断后，热带气旋气旋性结构被破坏，强降水减弱、范围明显缩小；季风急流风速增强时可增加水汽通量输送，使得强降水范围增加、强度增强；在夏季风影响背景下，热带气旋在陆上的移动改变水汽和不稳定能量的分布，而热带气旋本身独特的动力结构使得强降水强度增加。Abstract: Based on Tropical Cyclone Yearbooks, NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and dynamic composite analysis, the relationship between the torrential rain associated with landfalling tropical cyclones and summer monsoon jets is studied. Several sets of numerical experiments are carried out to analyze influences on heavy rain of interaction between the landfalling tropical cyclone Bilis (2006) and the summer monsoon. Composite analysis show that tropical cyclones resulting in a large range of torrential rain always link with a low-level jet for a long time even after landfall, which makes them obtain sufficient water vapor flux. While for the weak rainfall tropical cyclones, the linking might break before landfall, which cuts off the water vapor transport from the low level jet. Numerical experiments reveal that water vapor transport from the low-level jet of summer monsoon is favorable to the maintenance of the tropical cyclone structure of warm core. Cutoff of the water vapor transport will lead to the stretch of a dry tongue into the cyclonic circulation from the boundary, destruct the tropical cyclone structure, and make the mesoscale and microscale synoptic systems weakened, which results in the obvious weakness of the rainfall intensity and the reduction of heavy rain coverage. Water vapor transport from the southern boundary is much more important than any other boundary. In the sensibility numerical experiment, the wave spectrum method is applied to alter the mesoscale and microscale winds to strengthen and weaken the monsoon jet speed. Results show that moderate change of wind speed in low level jet only change the distribution and coverage of heavy rain a little, but the grid number of extremely strong rainfall (more than 200 mm) varies notably. Under the background of summer monsoon, a tropical cyclone moving into the monsoon channel will strengthen wind speed of the low level jet, which strengths the transport of water vapor at low level. Furthermore, the movement of tropical cyclone over land changes the distribution of water vapor, instability energy and the relevant heavy rain, and the unique dynamic structure of tropical cyclone, and strong convergence at low level and strong divergence at upper level, could strengthen the rain intensity.
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Key words:
- tropical cyclone;
- summer monsoon;
- heavy rain
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图 1 强降水和弱降水热带气旋合成的850 hPa风场 (矢量) 和水汽通量 (阴影，单位：g·s-1·hPa-1·cm-1)
(横、纵坐标代表距离台风中心的相对格点数，负数代表向西、向南；热带气旋位于坐标原点；格距为1.0°)
Fig. 1 Composite 850 hPa wind (vector) and water vapor flux (shaded, unit: g·s-1·hPa-1·cm-1) of strong and weak rainfall tropical cyclones
(abscissa represents grid number away from the tropical cyclone center, and negative denotes westwards and southwards; tropical cyclone center is located at coordinate origin and grid space is 1.0°)
图 2 Bilis登陆后24 h 850 hPa风场 (矢量)、水汽通量 (阴影，单位：g·cm-1·hPa-1·s-1) 及热带气旋边界 (图中矩形) 示意图
Fig. 2 850 hPa wind (vector, unit:m/s) and water vapor flux (shaded, unit: g·cm-1·hPa-1·s-1) 24 h after Bilis landfalling with its boundary (rectangle)
图 3 控制试验结果与实况对比 (a) 路径, (b) 中心最低气压
Fig. 3 Observations and simulated track (a) and minimal central SLP (b)
图 4 2006年7月14—16日降水实况、试验CTRL1及试验NS 24 h降水比较
Fig. 4 24 h total rainfall observation and outputs of control and NS sensitivity experiments from 14 July to 16 July in 2006
图 5 试验CTRL1与试验NALL 850 hPa比湿 (阴影) 与风场 (矢量) 对比
Fig. 5 850 hPa specific humidity (shaded) and wind (vector) of CTRL1 and NALL experiments
图 6 2006年7月14日00：00 850 hPa原始风场 (a)、分解的大尺度风场 (b)、中小尺度风场 (c) 以及试验SMON初始风场 (d) 和试验WMON初始风场 (e)
Fig. 6 850 hPa initial winds (a), decomposed large-scale winds (b), decomposed meso-and micro-scale winds and initial winds in SMON (d) and WMON (e) at 0000 UTC 14 Jul 2006
图 7 试验CTRL2、试验SMON及试验WMON 24 h累积降水量
Fig. 7 24 h accumulated rainfall of CTRL2, SMON and WMON
表 1 控制试验CTRL2和敏感性试验SMON, WMON 24 h最大降水量和强降水格点数
Table 1 Maximal 24 h accumulated rainfall heavy rain grid number in the numerical experiments
试验 0～24 h 24～48 h 降水量/mm 超过100 mm格点数 超过200 mm格点数 降水量/mm 超过100 mm格点数 超过200 mm格点数 CTRL2 153.2 1142 3 267.7 2297 113 SMON 178.5↑ 1186↑ 12↑ 281.9↑ 2367↑ 179↑ WMON 143.5↓ 979↓ 0↓ 215.8↓ 1530↓ 7↓ 注：↑表示增加，↓表示减少。 
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