留言板

尊敬的读者、作者、审稿人, 关于本刊的投稿、审稿、编辑和出版的任何问题, 您可以本页添加留言。我们将尽快给您答复。谢谢您的支持!

姓名
邮箱
手机号码
标题
留言内容
验证码

我国上空的水汽含量及其气候学估算

王炳忠 申彦波

王炳忠, 申彦波. 我国上空的水汽含量及其气候学估算. 应用气象学报, 2012, 23(6): 763-768..
引用本文: 王炳忠, 申彦波. 我国上空的水汽含量及其气候学估算. 应用气象学报, 2012, 23(6): 763-768.
Wang Bingzhong, Shen Yanbo. Atmospheric vapor content over china and its climatological evaluation method. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2012, 23(6): 763-768.
Citation: Wang Bingzhong, Shen Yanbo. Atmospheric vapor content over china and its climatological evaluation method. J Appl Meteor Sci, 2012, 23(6): 763-768.

我国上空的水汽含量及其气候学估算

资助项目: 

公益性行业 (气象) 科研专项 GYHY201006036

详细信息
    通信作者:

    王炳忠, E-mail: wangbz@cams.cma.gov.cn

Atmospheric Vapor Content over China and Its Climatological Evaluation Method

  • 摘要: 该文根据中国高空气候标准值 (1971—2000年) 逐月数据集124个探空站资料,计算出各站的整层大气水汽含量,并绘制出年水汽含量分布,除青藏高原地区外,其余地区基本上呈纬向分布。继而配合我国地面气候标准值逐月数据集的水汽压和地面气压数据,在对水汽压进行相应的订正后,将其与整层水汽含量进行相关分析,拟合出全国普遍适用的、统一的或分月的线性经验表达式。拟合结果与实测值之间的均方根误差为0.25 cm。文中还详细讨论了多项式不同次数对拟合结果的影响,结果表明:与数据点走向拟合较好的多项式,次数高其结果并非误差最小。利用经地面气压订正的地面水汽压 (x) 与整层水汽含量 (y) 的拟合公式为y=0.185x+0.093,其最大优点是站点无论高低、不分地域普遍适用。
  • 图  1  我国整层水汽含量年总量分布 (单位:cm)

    Fig. 1  Distribution of annual integrated atmospheric vapor content over China (unit:cm)

    图  1  我国整层水汽含量年总量分布 (单位:cm)

    Fig. 1  Distribution of annual integrated atmospheric vapor content over China (unit:cm)

    图  1  我国整层水汽含量年总量分布 (单位:cm)

    Fig. 1  Distribution of annual integrated atmospheric vapor content over China (unit:cm)

    图  2  4月全国各站整层水汽含量不同拟合公式示意

    Fig. 2  The different fitting equations of annual integrated water vapor content for all stations over China in April

    图  2  4月全国各站整层水汽含量不同拟合公式示意

    Fig. 2  The different fitting equations of annual integrated water vapor content for all stations over China in April

    图  2  4月全国各站整层水汽含量不同拟合公式示意

    Fig. 2  The different fitting equations of annual integrated water vapor content for all stations over China in April

    图  3  全国各站各月整层水汽含量统一拟合式

    Fig. 3  The consistent fitting equation of annual integrated water vapor content for all stations over China

    图  3  全国各站各月整层水汽含量统一拟合式

    Fig. 3  The consistent fitting equation of annual integrated water vapor content for all stations over China

    图  3  全国各站各月整层水汽含量统一拟合式

    Fig. 3  The consistent fitting equation of annual integrated water vapor content for all stations over China

    图  4  各月水汽含量均方根误差分级分布

    Fig. 4  Grade distribution of root mean square error of water vapor content

    图  4  各月水汽含量均方根误差分级分布

    Fig. 4  Grade distribution of root mean square error of water vapor content

    图  4  各月水汽含量均方根误差分级分布

    Fig. 4  Grade distribution of root mean square error of water vapor content

    表  1  我国部分站点整层水汽含量 (单位:cm)

    Table  1  Integrated water vapor content over part of stations in China (unit:cm)

    站名 1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月
    北京 0.36 0.42 0.64 1.00 1.72 1.72 4.24 3.94 2.37 1.35 0.75 0.46
    太原 0.38 0.43 0.62 0.89 1.39 1.39 3.41 3.30 2.12 1.24 0.72 0.47
    海拉尔 0.24 0.27 0.36 0.59 0.92 0.92 2.63 2.34 1.36 0.71 0.42 0.30
    呼和浩特 0.31 0.33 0.42 0.60 0.95 0.95 2.53 2.41 1.47 0.89 0.53 0.36
    锡林浩特 0.26 0.30 0.38 0.53 0.89 0.89 2.44 2.21 1.28 0.73 0.45 0.32
    沈阳 0.34 0.38 0.56 0.95 1.57 1.57 4.10 3.65 2.10 1.18 0.68 0.44
    长春 0.30 0.33 0.47 0.81 1.33 1.33 3.63 3.22 1.84 1.00 0.57 0.38
    嫩江 0.23 0.26 0.37 0.67 1.08 1.08 3.18 2.75 1.60 0.78 0.41 0.28
    哈尔滨 0.27 0.31 0.41 0.72 1.23 1.23 3.48 3.04 1.76 0.90 0.50 0.34
    上海 1.05 1.20 1.55 2.10 2.84 2.84 5.48 5.08 3.87 2.46 1.65 1.12
    南京 0.94 1.07 1.45 2.00 2.71 2.71 5.34 5.14 3.64 2.38 1.51 1.02
    杭州 1.17 1.33 1.83 2.40 3.14 3.14 5.47 5.37 4.01 2.651.701.17
    福州1.892.192.783.444.364.365.515.494.773.562.521.91
    厦门2.122.503.013.764.674.675.435.484.923.752.782.13
    赣州1.782.132.783.594.514.515.425.454.693.482.281.68
    南昌1.421.652.272.993.873.875.695.524.292.931.861.35
    济南0.510.570.811.211.871.874.484.152.561.550.940.61
    青岛0.560.630.871.271.891.894.544.262.581.621.020.66
    郑州0.650.771.091.592.202.204.764.503.071.841.120.74
    武汉1.181.351.862.513.293.295.685.383.952.671.691.23
    长沙1.611.872.453.214.084.085.785.684.533.292.131.61
    广州2.272.813.524.475.375.375.855.975.354.122.912.25
    汕头2.412.833.354.195.135.135.715.855.334.303.232.50
    东沙岛3.083.323.654.194.874.875.155.405.004.583.763.22
    南宁2.352.713.354.325.305.305.955.925.214.243.112.33
    海口2.863.333.964.865.705.705.866.015.584.833.752.99
    重庆1.501.652.082.813.713.715.234.934.323.252.281.68
    成都1.331.491.912.583.383.385.184.954.133.052.091.50
    贵阳1.341.481.812.433.183.184.083.913.382.681.901.38
    昆明1.031.081.241.642.412.413.393.272.932.311.591.13
    那曲0.130.140.170.280.520.521.151.130.920.440.210.15
    拉萨0.170.190.260.470.830.831.731.761.440.690.310.20
    定日0.130.140.190.290.480.481.301.330.950.360.190.14
    西安0.750.871.221.752.422.424.414.303.232.101.290.85
    兰州0.420.460.650.901.351.352.592.572.021.260.690.48
    格尔木0.240.220.280.350.560.561.191.060.750.420.280.26
    西宁0.300.330.460.691.111.112.112.031.560.920.510.37
    玉树0.220.250.330.500.830.831.541.471.240.700.340.23
    银川0.390.420.570.741.141.142.672.651.791.040.650.47
    乌鲁木齐0.460.490.650.861.161.161.981.691.260.940.710.56
    马公2.242.583.193.604.354.354.924.994.623.612.912.28
    台东2.843.123.484.145.015.015.295.625.164.723.873.11
    香港2.212.753.304.084.944.945.325.454.994.042.902.19
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  1  我国部分站点整层水汽含量 (单位:cm)

    Table  1  Integrated water vapor content over part of stations in China (unit:cm)

    站名 1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月
    北京 0.36 0.42 0.64 1.00 1.72 1.72 4.24 3.94 2.37 1.35 0.75 0.46
    太原 0.38 0.43 0.62 0.89 1.39 1.39 3.41 3.30 2.12 1.24 0.72 0.47
    海拉尔 0.24 0.27 0.36 0.59 0.92 0.92 2.63 2.34 1.36 0.71 0.42 0.30
    呼和浩特 0.31 0.33 0.42 0.60 0.95 0.95 2.53 2.41 1.47 0.89 0.53 0.36
    锡林浩特 0.26 0.30 0.38 0.53 0.89 0.89 2.44 2.21 1.28 0.73 0.45 0.32
    沈阳 0.34 0.38 0.56 0.95 1.57 1.57 4.10 3.65 2.10 1.18 0.68 0.44
    长春 0.30 0.33 0.47 0.81 1.33 1.33 3.63 3.22 1.84 1.00 0.57 0.38
    嫩江 0.23 0.26 0.37 0.67 1.08 1.08 3.18 2.75 1.60 0.78 0.41 0.28
    哈尔滨 0.27 0.31 0.41 0.72 1.23 1.23 3.48 3.04 1.76 0.90 0.50 0.34
    上海 1.05 1.20 1.55 2.10 2.84 2.84 5.48 5.08 3.87 2.46 1.65 1.12
    南京 0.94 1.07 1.45 2.00 2.71 2.71 5.34 5.14 3.64 2.38 1.51 1.02
    杭州 1.17 1.33 1.83 2.40 3.14 3.14 5.47 5.37 4.01 2.651.701.17
    福州1.892.192.783.444.364.365.515.494.773.562.521.91
    厦门2.122.503.013.764.674.675.435.484.923.752.782.13
    赣州1.782.132.783.594.514.515.425.454.693.482.281.68
    南昌1.421.652.272.993.873.875.695.524.292.931.861.35
    济南0.510.570.811.211.871.874.484.152.561.550.940.61
    青岛0.560.630.871.271.891.894.544.262.581.621.020.66
    郑州0.650.771.091.592.202.204.764.503.071.841.120.74
    武汉1.181.351.862.513.293.295.685.383.952.671.691.23
    长沙1.611.872.453.214.084.085.785.684.533.292.131.61
    广州2.272.813.524.475.375.375.855.975.354.122.912.25
    汕头2.412.833.354.195.135.135.715.855.334.303.232.50
    东沙岛3.083.323.654.194.874.875.155.405.004.583.763.22
    南宁2.352.713.354.325.305.305.955.925.214.243.112.33
    海口2.863.333.964.865.705.705.866.015.584.833.752.99
    重庆1.501.652.082.813.713.715.234.934.323.252.281.68
    成都1.331.491.912.583.383.385.184.954.133.052.091.50
    贵阳1.341.481.812.433.183.184.083.913.382.681.901.38
    昆明1.031.081.241.642.412.413.393.272.932.311.591.13
    那曲0.130.140.170.280.520.521.151.130.920.440.210.15
    拉萨0.170.190.260.470.830.831.731.761.440.690.310.20
    定日0.130.140.190.290.480.481.301.330.950.360.190.14
    西安0.750.871.221.752.422.424.414.303.232.101.290.85
    兰州0.420.460.650.901.351.352.592.572.021.260.690.48
    格尔木0.240.220.280.350.560.561.191.060.750.420.280.26
    西宁0.300.330.460.691.111.112.112.031.560.920.510.37
    玉树0.220.250.330.500.830.831.541.471.240.700.340.23
    银川0.390.420.570.741.141.142.672.651.791.040.650.47
    乌鲁木齐0.460.490.650.861.161.161.981.691.260.940.710.56
    马公2.242.583.193.604.354.354.924.994.623.612.912.28
    台东2.843.123.484.145.015.015.295.625.164.723.873.11
    香港2.212.753.304.084.944.945.325.454.994.042.902.19
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  1  我国部分站点整层水汽含量 (单位:cm)

    Table  1  Integrated water vapor content over part of stations in China (unit:cm)

    站名 1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月
    北京 0.36 0.42 0.64 1.00 1.72 1.72 4.24 3.94 2.37 1.35 0.75 0.46
    太原 0.38 0.43 0.62 0.89 1.39 1.39 3.41 3.30 2.12 1.24 0.72 0.47
    海拉尔 0.24 0.27 0.36 0.59 0.92 0.92 2.63 2.34 1.36 0.71 0.42 0.30
    呼和浩特 0.31 0.33 0.42 0.60 0.95 0.95 2.53 2.41 1.47 0.89 0.53 0.36
    锡林浩特 0.26 0.30 0.38 0.53 0.89 0.89 2.44 2.21 1.28 0.73 0.45 0.32
    沈阳 0.34 0.38 0.56 0.95 1.57 1.57 4.10 3.65 2.10 1.18 0.68 0.44
    长春 0.30 0.33 0.47 0.81 1.33 1.33 3.63 3.22 1.84 1.00 0.57 0.38
    嫩江 0.23 0.26 0.37 0.67 1.08 1.08 3.18 2.75 1.60 0.78 0.41 0.28
    哈尔滨 0.27 0.31 0.41 0.72 1.23 1.23 3.48 3.04 1.76 0.90 0.50 0.34
    上海 1.05 1.20 1.55 2.10 2.84 2.84 5.48 5.08 3.87 2.46 1.65 1.12
    南京 0.94 1.07 1.45 2.00 2.71 2.71 5.34 5.14 3.64 2.38 1.51 1.02
    杭州 1.17 1.33 1.83 2.40 3.14 3.14 5.47 5.37 4.01 2.651.701.17
    福州1.892.192.783.444.364.365.515.494.773.562.521.91
    厦门2.122.503.013.764.674.675.435.484.923.752.782.13
    赣州1.782.132.783.594.514.515.425.454.693.482.281.68
    南昌1.421.652.272.993.873.875.695.524.292.931.861.35
    济南0.510.570.811.211.871.874.484.152.561.550.940.61
    青岛0.560.630.871.271.891.894.544.262.581.621.020.66
    郑州0.650.771.091.592.202.204.764.503.071.841.120.74
    武汉1.181.351.862.513.293.295.685.383.952.671.691.23
    长沙1.611.872.453.214.084.085.785.684.533.292.131.61
    广州2.272.813.524.475.375.375.855.975.354.122.912.25
    汕头2.412.833.354.195.135.135.715.855.334.303.232.50
    东沙岛3.083.323.654.194.874.875.155.405.004.583.763.22
    南宁2.352.713.354.325.305.305.955.925.214.243.112.33
    海口2.863.333.964.865.705.705.866.015.584.833.752.99
    重庆1.501.652.082.813.713.715.234.934.323.252.281.68
    成都1.331.491.912.583.383.385.184.954.133.052.091.50
    贵阳1.341.481.812.433.183.184.083.913.382.681.901.38
    昆明1.031.081.241.642.412.413.393.272.932.311.591.13
    那曲0.130.140.170.280.520.521.151.130.920.440.210.15
    拉萨0.170.190.260.470.830.831.731.761.440.690.310.20
    定日0.130.140.190.290.480.481.301.330.950.360.190.14
    西安0.750.871.221.752.422.424.414.303.232.101.290.85
    兰州0.420.460.650.901.351.352.592.572.021.260.690.48
    格尔木0.240.220.280.350.560.561.191.060.750.420.280.26
    西宁0.300.330.460.691.111.112.112.031.560.920.510.37
    玉树0.220.250.330.500.830.831.541.471.240.700.340.23
    银川0.390.420.570.741.141.142.672.651.791.040.650.47
    乌鲁木齐0.460.490.650.861.161.161.981.691.260.940.710.56
    马公2.242.583.193.604.354.354.924.994.623.612.912.28
    台东2.843.123.484.145.015.015.295.625.164.723.873.11
    香港2.212.753.304.084.944.945.325.454.994.042.902.19
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2  4月全国各站水汽含量数据利用各种拟合多项式绝对误差的统计值比较 (单位:cm)

    Table  2  Comparison of absolute error from different fitting equations of water vapor content for all of stations over China in April (unit: cm)

    项目 线性式 五次多项式 四次多项式 二次多项式
    标准差0.224.753.810.91
    最大值0.5327.6420.800.12
    最小值-1.01-0.07-0.06-5.00
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2  4月全国各站水汽含量数据利用各种拟合多项式绝对误差的统计值比较 (单位:cm)

    Table  2  Comparison of absolute error from different fitting equations of water vapor content for all of stations over China in April (unit: cm)

    项目 线性式 五次多项式 四次多项式 二次多项式
    标准差0.224.753.810.91
    最大值0.5327.6420.800.12
    最小值-1.01-0.07-0.06-5.00
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2  4月全国各站水汽含量数据利用各种拟合多项式绝对误差的统计值比较 (单位:cm)

    Table  2  Comparison of absolute error from different fitting equations of water vapor content for all of stations over China in April (unit: cm)

    项目 线性式 五次多项式 四次多项式 二次多项式
    标准差0.224.753.810.91
    最大值0.5327.6420.800.12
    最小值-1.01-0.07-0.06-5.00
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3  各月经过优选表现最佳的计算式

    Table  3  The optimal equations from January to December

    月份 优选公式 线性式 二次多项式
    标准差/cm最大值/cm最小值/cm标准差/cm最大值/cm最小值/cm
    1 y=-0.0003x2+0.221x+0.031 0.13 0.43 -0.50 0.11 0.36 -0.30
    2 y=0.192x+0.073 0.09 0.49 -0.90 0.14 0.36 -0.54
    3 y=-0.003x2+0.252x-0.107 0.200.55-1.130.17 0.44 -0.60
    4 y=0.190x+0.0210.22 0.53 -1.01 0.91 0.12 -5.00
    5 y=0.0009x2+0.1655x+0.1373 0.28 0.53 -0.94 0.27 0.52 -1.14
    6 y=0.001x2+0.150x+0.367 0.33 0.66 -0.85 0.33 0.74 -1.00
    7 y=0.172x+0.428 0.31 0.71 -0.94 1.55 6.05 0.99
    8 y=0.0005x2+0.157x+0.4616 0.32 0.66 -0.73 0.32 0.69 -0.73
    9 y=0.182x+0.144 0.33 0.59 -0.99 1.44 5.69 0.55
    10 y=0.0003x2+0.1907x+0.0448 0.24 0.50 -0.70 0.24 0.50 -0.67
    11 y=-0.001x2+0.195x+0.041 0.16 0.38 -0.59 0.15 0.35 -0.50
    12 y=0.170x+0.123 0.12 0.33 -0.50 0.17 0.17 -1.03
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3  各月经过优选表现最佳的计算式

    Table  3  The optimal equations from January to December

    月份 优选公式 线性式 二次多项式
    标准差/cm最大值/cm最小值/cm标准差/cm最大值/cm最小值/cm
    1 y=-0.0003x2+0.221x+0.031 0.13 0.43 -0.50 0.11 0.36 -0.30
    2 y=0.192x+0.073 0.09 0.49 -0.90 0.14 0.36 -0.54
    3 y=-0.003x2+0.252x-0.107 0.200.55-1.130.17 0.44 -0.60
    4 y=0.190x+0.0210.22 0.53 -1.01 0.91 0.12 -5.00
    5 y=0.0009x2+0.1655x+0.1373 0.28 0.53 -0.94 0.27 0.52 -1.14
    6 y=0.001x2+0.150x+0.367 0.33 0.66 -0.85 0.33 0.74 -1.00
    7 y=0.172x+0.428 0.31 0.71 -0.94 1.55 6.05 0.99
    8 y=0.0005x2+0.157x+0.4616 0.32 0.66 -0.73 0.32 0.69 -0.73
    9 y=0.182x+0.144 0.33 0.59 -0.99 1.44 5.69 0.55
    10 y=0.0003x2+0.1907x+0.0448 0.24 0.50 -0.70 0.24 0.50 -0.67
    11 y=-0.001x2+0.195x+0.041 0.16 0.38 -0.59 0.15 0.35 -0.50
    12 y=0.170x+0.123 0.12 0.33 -0.50 0.17 0.17 -1.03
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3  各月经过优选表现最佳的计算式

    Table  3  The optimal equations from January to December

    月份 优选公式 线性式 二次多项式
    标准差/cm最大值/cm最小值/cm标准差/cm最大值/cm最小值/cm
    1 y=-0.0003x2+0.221x+0.031 0.13 0.43 -0.50 0.11 0.36 -0.30
    2 y=0.192x+0.073 0.09 0.49 -0.90 0.14 0.36 -0.54
    3 y=-0.003x2+0.252x-0.107 0.200.55-1.130.17 0.44 -0.60
    4 y=0.190x+0.0210.22 0.53 -1.01 0.91 0.12 -5.00
    5 y=0.0009x2+0.1655x+0.1373 0.28 0.53 -0.94 0.27 0.52 -1.14
    6 y=0.001x2+0.150x+0.367 0.33 0.66 -0.85 0.33 0.74 -1.00
    7 y=0.172x+0.428 0.31 0.71 -0.94 1.55 6.05 0.99
    8 y=0.0005x2+0.157x+0.4616 0.32 0.66 -0.73 0.32 0.69 -0.73
    9 y=0.182x+0.144 0.33 0.59 -0.99 1.44 5.69 0.55
    10 y=0.0003x2+0.1907x+0.0448 0.24 0.50 -0.70 0.24 0.50 -0.67
    11 y=-0.001x2+0.195x+0.041 0.16 0.38 -0.59 0.15 0.35 -0.50
    12 y=0.170x+0.123 0.12 0.33 -0.50 0.17 0.17 -1.03
    下载: 导出CSV
  • [1] 邹进上, 刘惠兰.中国大陆上空的水汽含量.地理学报, 1981, 36(4):377-391. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DLXB196202002.htm
    [2] 孙治安.我国平均水汽含量的气候计算及其时空分布特征.南京气象学院院报, 1987, 10(1):74-80. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NJQX198701008.htm
    [3] 翟盘茂, 周琴芳.中国大气水分气候变化研究.应用气象学报, 1997, 8(3):342-351. http://qikan.camscma.cn/jams/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=19970348&flag=1
    [4] 王炳忠, 刘庚山.我国大陆大气水汽含量的计算.地理学报, 1993, 48(3):244-253. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DLXB199303005.htm
    [5] 杨景梅, 邱金桓.我国可降水量同地面水汽压关系的经验表达式.大气科学, 1996, 20(5):620-626. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQXK605.013.htm
    [6] 杨景梅, 邱金桓.用地面湿度参量计算我国整层大气可降水量及有效水汽含量方法的研究.大气科学, 2002:26(1):9-22. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DQXK200201001.htm
    [7] Muhammad Iqbal. An Introduction to Solar Radiation. New York: Academic Press, 1983.
    [8] Lott G A. Precipitable Water over the United States, Vol. 1, Monthly Means. NOAA Technical Report NWS 20, 1976.
    [9] Reitan C H. Distribution of precipitable water over the continental United States. Bull Amer Meteor Soc, 1960, 41(2):79-87.
    [10] Hay J E. Precipitable water over Canada: Ⅱ Distribution. Atmosphere, 1971, 9(14):101-111.
    [11] Smith W. Note on the relationship between total precipitable water and surface dew point. J Appl Meteorol, 1976, 5:726-727. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966JApMe...5..726S
    [12] 王炳忠, 申彦波.自然环境条件对我国太阳能资源计算影响的再思考.应用气象学报, 2012, 23(4):505-512. doi:  10.11898/1001-7313.20120415
    [13] 中华人民共和国国家标准GB/T. 空中水汽资源评估方法 (征求意见稿). [2009-03-20].
    [14] WMO. Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation (7-th Edition). 2008.
    [15] 魏凤英, 曹鸿兴.长期预测的数学模型及其应用.北京:气象出版社, 1990.
  • 加载中
图(12) / 表(9)
计量
  • 摘要浏览量:  2914
  • HTML全文浏览量:  1130
  • PDF下载量:  1789
  • 被引次数: 0
出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2012-04-13
  • 修回日期:  2012-10-10
  • 刊出日期:  2012-12-01

目录

    /

    返回文章
    返回