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Cumulus Merging in the Massive Mudslide of Zhouqu Using Meteorological Satellite Data
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摘要: 利用极轨和静止气象卫星红外云图资料，对2010年8月7日甘肃舟曲发生的特大泥石流天气过程中出现的对流云合并现象进行分析。从卫星监测结果来看，多个对流单体合并而成的中尺度对流系统，在发展过程中产生了局地强降水，从而引发了特大泥石流灾害。整个过程中有5个阶段出现了合并现象：首先，多个对流单体合并形成中尺度对流系统; 在中尺度对流系统的发展和维持过程中，3个阶段出现了新旧对流系统的合并; 在系统即将消散的阶段又出现了两个强中心的合并。合并过程不仅促成中尺度对流系统的生成，使得云体增强发展，而且为对流系统维持补充了能量，使系统生命史延长。另外，在5个阶段的合并过程中，合并机制可以归结为内部动力结构变化和外致碰撞合并两大类。其中，在系统形成阶段，外致碰撞合并是主要机制; 而在发展维持阶段，包括气压梯度力、辐合抬升、下沉-上升环流加强等在内的内部动力结构变化影响是发生合并的主要原因。Abstract: Heavy rainfall occurs abruptly at Zhouqu, Gansu Province from 7 August to 8 August of 2010, causing massive mudslide and brings about huge casualties. As an observational fact, it is clear that a meso-scale convective system, which is produced by several convective cells merging, brings heavy rain in local field and the massive mudslide at Zhouqu. The phenomenon of cumulus merging is analyzed using meteorological satellite data, such as FY-2D/E, NOAA-18 and FY-1D, to find out its impact on heavy rain.As NOAA-18 satellite image shows, there are several cells around the Zhouqu at 0638 UTC 7 August 2010. One and half hours later, cells are merged and forms a meso-scale system. And the meso-scale system is still developing in FY-1D satellite image.From FY-2D/E satellite images, there are five stages of cumulus merging in the whole process. First, the meso-scale convective system comes out due to the merging of multi-cells from 0700 UTC to 0800 UTC. And it is the developing and maintaining period of meso-scale convective system. The cumulus merges in 3 stages. First, a developing system merges with several nearby new generation cells at about 0930 UTC. Then a systems merges between a mature new generation system and the old convective system from 1000 UTC to 1030 UTC, the new and old systems merge from 1130 UTC to 1200 UTC. Finally, two centers of cloud with cold cloud top temperature are merged as the dissipating of convective system after 1300 UTC. As the centers have been merged, the system develops again and the cold cloud areas have increased.As a result of the merging effect, not only a large and complex convective system is produced and becomes more intensity, but also the lifetime of convective system is greatly enhanced with more convective energy.On the other hand, the mechanisms of merging in five stages could be classified as change of inner dynamical structure and collision with outer force. At the building stage of meso-scale convective system, collision with outer force is the main cause of cumulus merging. But with the development and maintain of system, inner changes of dynamical structure, such as pressure gradient force, convergence and up-down circumfluence, are the primary mechanisms for merging.
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Key words:
- satellite image;
- meso-scale convective system;
- cumulus merging
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图 1 2010年8月7日00：00和12：00背景场 (a)00：00 500 hPa高度场 (实线，单位：dagpm) 和温度场 (虚线, 单位：℃)，(b)12：00 500 hPa高度场 (实线，单位：dagpm) 和温度场 (虚线, 单位：℃)，(c)00：00 700 hPa风场 (单曲线表示槽线；箭头表示西南气流)，(d)12：00 700 hPa风场 (单曲线表示槽线；双曲线表示切变线)
Fig. 1 Synoptic chart at 0000 UTC and 1200 UTC on 7 Aug 2010 (a)500 hPa height (solid line, unit:dagpm) and temperature (dashed line, unit:℃) at 0000 UTC, (b)500 hPa height (solid line, unit: dagpm) and temperature (dashed line, unit:℃) at 1200 UTC, (c)700 hPa wind at 0000 UTC (single curve:trough; arrow:southwestern airflow), (d)700 hPa wind at 1200 UTC (single curve:trough; double curves:shear line)
图 2 2010年8月7日FY-2E红外云图和500 hPa高空形势 (单位：dagpm)
Fig. 2 Satellite image of FY-2E with synoptic analysis at 500 hPa on 7 Aug 2010(unit: dagpm)
图 4 2010年8月7日07:00—16:00增强红外云图
Fig. 4 Enhanced IR image at 0700 UTC—1600 UTC on 7 Aug 2010
图 6 最低与平均云顶亮温和冷云区比例时序图
Fig. 6 Temporal variety of minimum and average TBB with ratio of cold center field in cloud
图 7 2010年8月7日10:00和11:00卫星红外云图与地面24 h变压叠加图
(黑线表示变压大于1 hPa；白线表示变压小于-1 hPa)
Fig. 7 Satellite image with 24 h surface pressure change at 1000 UTC and 1100 UTC on 7 Aug 2010
(black isolines: 24 h surface pressure change more than 1 hPa; white isolines: 24 h surface pressure change less than-1 hPa)
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