Climatic Characteristics of Intense Snowfall in China with Its Variation
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摘要: 基于全国气象台站逐日地面降雪观测数据,对我国25°N以北不同气候区强降雪事件的地理分布和年内旬、月变化等气候特征进行分析,并探讨1961—2008年其时间序列演变特征,及1961—2008年和1981—2008年 (气候变暖后) 气候变化趋势。结果表明:强降雪量和强降雪日数在青藏高原东部、新疆和东北北部最多;强降雪强度高值中心出现在云南。东北北部、华北、西北、青藏高原东部强降雪事件多发生于初冬和初春,年内分布呈双峰型;新疆和黄淮地区年内分布呈单峰型,前者多发生在隆冬时节,后者多发生于晚冬;1961—2008年东北北部、新疆、青藏高原东部平均强降雪量和强降雪日数呈明显增加趋势;气候变暖后我国大部年强降雪量增多,强降雪日数增加,强降雪强度增强。Abstract: Based on daily ground snowfall observations of national meteorological stations, climatic zonation is carried out according to the snowfall variability with the REOF method to the north of 25°N in China. The main climatic characteristics and variation of intense snowfall events in different climate zones are analyzed, including the spacial distribution difference, the changing characteristics of intense snowfall and the number of snow days of the month, ten-day, spatial changes and temporal evolutions in the trend of intense snowfall, the number of snow days and intensity, and the climate change trends of the 1961—2008 and 1981—2008 (considering climate warming) are calculated, respectively.It shows that the east of Tibet Plateau, Xinjiang and the north of Northeast China have the highest amount and frequency of intense snowfall. The maximum intense snow intensity centers in Yunnan. The percentage of intense snow days to total snowfall days is generally low in North China, followed by the north of Northeast China and Xinjiang, and the largest percentage occurs in the Huang-Huai River Areas. In the north of Northeast China, North China, Northwest China and the east of Tibet Plateau, the high-frequency periods of intense snow events are generally in spring and early winter. It comes to mid-winter in Xinjiang, and to late winter in the Huang-Huai River Areas. In the north of Northeast China, Xinjiang and the east of Tibet Plateau, the intense snowfall and snow days obviously increased over the last 48 years. With climate warming, the intense snowfall and snow days increase, and meanwhile the intense snow intensity strengthens in most regions of China.Due to the snowfall measurement error, the estimation results of the mean intense snowfall and snow intensity in the north of China may be low, in the spring, the mean wind speed is strong, and the intense snowfall and snow intensity estimation is lower. Because the wind speed near the ground is in decreasing trend, the analysis of climate change on intense snowfall and snow intensity may be that the increasing trend is overestimated, while the decreasing trend is underestimated. The snowfall measurement error change caused by the average wind speed decreasing mainly affects the analysis of intense snowfall events of climate change, while has few impacts on the research of climatic characteristics.
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图 4 1961—2008年强降雪量 (a)、强降雪日数 (b)、强降雪强度 (c) 和1981—2008年强降雪量 (d)、强降雪日数 (e)、强降雪强度 (f) 变化趋势系数空间分布
Fig. 4 Spatial distribution of the intense snowfall (a), the number of intense snow days (b), intense snow intensity (c) change trends during 1961—2008, and the intense snowfall (d), the number of intense snow days (e), intense snow intensity (f) change trends during 1981—2008
表 1 降雪和强降雪指标定义
Table 1 Definition of indices of snowfall and intense snowfall used in this paper
指标 定义 降雪年 从当年7月1日至下一年6月30日 雪季 降雪年内第1日和最后1日出现固态降水天气现象的时间间隔 (单位:d) 年降雪量 降雪年内降雪量总和 强降雪日数和强降雪量 雪季内日 (24 h) 降雪量超过气候基准期内80%分位值的总降雪日数 (单位:d) 和总降雪量 (单位:mm) 强降雪强度 雪季内强降雪量与强降雪日数的比值 (单位:mm·d-1) 表 2 1971—2000年不同区域累积强降雪量和强降雪日数
Table 2 Accamulated intense snowfall amounts and the number of intense snowfall days in different sub-regions from 1971 to 2000
地区 强降雪量/mm 强降雪日数/d 东北北部 316.9 50.43 华北 221.2 31.57 黄淮 221.9 26.58 西北 149.2 28.15 新疆 321.1 48.89 青藏高原东部 511.7 70.79 表 3 1971—2000年不同区域平均强降雪量月变化 (单位:mm)
Table 3 Monthly mean intense snowfall in different regions (unit: mm)
月份 东北北部 华北地区 黄淮地区 西北地区 新疆 青藏高原东部 7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 2.1 9 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.7 0.5 19.0 10 61.5 14.1 4.1 20.3 20.0 79.0 11 67.4 46.8 27.4 19.3 63.3 37.3 12 35.0 31.9 32.7 4.7 76.2 16.8 1 16.2 34.7 48.0 5.5 51.7 23.4 2 17.9 31.6 46.2 10.0 53.4 47.9 3 79.9 45.4 51.5 39.0 40.2 105.8 4 35.5 15.2 10.6 33.5 14.7 94.8 5 2.8 1.3 1.3 15.2 1.2 64.9 6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 18.0 表 4 1971—2000年不同区域平均强降雪日数月变化 (单位:d)
Table 4 The number of monthly mean intense snow days in different regions (unit: d)
月份 东北北部 华北地区 黄淮地区 西北地区 新疆 青藏高原东部 7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.32 9 0.10 0.03 0.00 0.15 0.11 3.14 10 8.07 1.77 0.60 3.85 3.00 9.93 11 11.43 6.55 3.23 3.95 9.68 4.57 12 5.83 4.72 4.09 1.15 11.84 2.61 1 2.73 4.91 5.53 1.35 8.21 3.68 2 3.33 4.49 5.63 2.35 7.74 6.93 3 13.03 6.92 6.02 7.35 6.26 13.40 4 5.40 2.01 1.32 5.90 1.84 13.00 5 0.50 0.17 0.14 2.00 0.21 9.93 6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 2.79 表 5 1961—1980年和1981—2008年不同区域平均年强降雪量、年强降雪日数和年强降雪强度比较
Table 5 Comparison of annual mean intense snowfall amounts, the number of intense snow days and intense snow intensity between 1981—2008 and 1961—1980 for different sub-regions
要素 时段 东北北部 华北 黄淮 西北 新疆 青藏高原东部 强降雪量/mm 1961—1980年 9.5 7.8 7.0 4.3 9.1 13.0 1981—2008年 10.9 7.3 7.3 5.0 11.3 17.1 强降雪日数/d 1961—1980年 1.48 1.06 0.86 0.86 1.42 1.84 1981—2008年 1.73 1.01 0.87 0.96 1.72 2.35 强降雪强度/(mm·d-1) 1961—1980年 6.4 7.4 8.1 5.0 6.4 7.1 1981—2008年 6.3 7.2 8.4 5.2 6.6 7.3 -
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