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Developing of Beidou Radiosonde System and Analysis on Its Wind Measuring Performance
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摘要: 高空气象观测是综合气象观测系统的重要组成部分，对天气预报、气候变化等业务科研具有重要的作用。基于北斗卫星导航系统研发了北斗探空仪及地面接收系统，目前试验样机生产已初步完成。北斗探空仪可采取单北斗、单GPS、北斗与GPS混合定位测风等3种测风模式，试验结果表明：北斗探空仪采用混合定位测速方式测风与GPS标准探空仪相比, 北向速度标准差为0.05 m·s-1，平均偏差为-0.05 m·s-1; 东向速度标准偏差为0.03 m·s-1, 平均偏差为-0.01 m·s-1; 高度标准偏差为6.88 m，平均偏差为7.48 m。北斗探空仪测风性能与GPS探空仪相当。Abstract: As an important constituent of the integrated meteorological observation system, the upper air meteorological observations have extremely important effects on weather forecast, climate change research and other work, and it plays an irreplaceable benchmark function in atmospheric remote sensing observation authenticity verification and calibration of testing. The development of Beidou radiosonde and the ground receiving system is based on Beidou Satellite Navigation System with completely independent intellectual property rights, and the prototypes are assembled. By the end of 2012, Beidou Satellite Navigation System can provide preliminary service with 14 satellites in orbit, including 5 Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites, 4 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites and 5 Inclined Geosynchronous Satellite Orbit (IGSO) satellites in 3 inclined orbits. On this basis, Beidou radiosonde is examined, and comparative analysis are carried out on its different patterns of wind measuring, i.e., single Beidou, single GPS and mixed mode. The results show that the wind measuring performance of Beidou and GPS radiosonde is quite close. The deviation of Beidou radiosonde compared to the GPS radiosonde is as follows: The standard deviation of the north velocity is 0.05 m·s-1, the average deviation is-0.05 m·s-1, the standard deviation of the east velocity is 0.03 m·s-1, the average deviation is-0.01 m·s-1, the height standard deviation is 6.88 m and the average deviation is 7.48 m. The PDOP value in single Beidou mode is large compared to GPS radiosonde and the accuracy of positioning is poor, because the current constellation is not fully deployed. Beidou radiosonde performance is relatively stable in the lower atmosphere, but a violent wave happens in the high level atmosphere, which means that the stability of the national dual-mode chip and module needs improving.
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图 2 北斗探空仪组成结构 (a) 和地面接收系统组成结构 (b) 框图
Fig. 2 The diagram of Beidou radiosonde structure (a) and the ground receiving system structure (b)
图 3 北斗探空仪与GPS探空仪轨迹对比
Fig. 3 The trace comparison of Beidou radiosonde and GPS radiosonde
图 4 北斗探空仪与GPS探空仪垂直定位差值变化
Fig. 4 The change trend of the vertical location difference between Beidou radiosonde
图 5 北斗探空仪与GPS探空仪的水平定位偏差散点图
Fig. 5 The scatterplot of the horizontal positioning difference between Beidou radiosonde and GPS radiosonde
图 6 北斗探空仪与GPS探空仪北向速度对比 (a) 与东向速度对比 (b)
Fig. 6 The speed comparison in the north (a) and east (b) directions between Beidou radiosonde and GPS radiosonde
图 7 北斗探空仪与GPS探空仪北向和东向风速差值变化
Fig. 7 The change trend of the difference of velocity measurements in north and east directions between Beidou radiosonde and GPS radiosonde
图 8 单北斗探空仪与GPS探空仪北向和东向测速差值变化
Fig. 8 The change trend of the difference of velocity measurements in north and east directions between the single Beidou radiosonde and GPS radiosonde
图 9 北斗探空仪与GPS探空仪在规定层上的北向和东向测速差值变化
Fig. 9 The change trend of the difference of velocity measurements at specified level between Beidou radiosonde and GPS radiosonde
表 1 CC50测风模块性能指标
Table 1 The performance index of CC50
参数 指标 水平位置精度 5 m 垂直位置精度 10 m 速度精度 0.1 m·s-1 重捕获时间 ≤1 s 平均热启动时间 1 s 平均冷启动时间 37 s 输入信号 GPS L1和BD2 B1 通道数 并行双32通道 定位输出速率 1 Hz 通讯端口 两个串口双向，LV-TTL电平 
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表 2 北斗探空仪性能指标
Table 2 The performance index of Beidou radiosonde
参数技术指标 范围 探测距离 0~200 km 探测高度 0~36 km 温度测量范围 -90℃~50℃ 温度最大静态测量误差 0.2℃ 湿度测量范围 1%~100%(相对湿度) 湿度最大静态测量误差 3%(相对湿度) 气压测量范围5 hPa~1060 hPa(高度计算) 100 hPa~1060 hPa(传感器直接测量) 气压最大测量误差 1 hPa 风速测量范围 0~150 m·s-1 风速最大测量误差 ±0.3 m·s-1 风向测量范围 0°~360° 风向最大测量误差 ±3°(风速分量大于3 m·s-1) 发射机频率范围 401~406 MHz 发射机发射功率 ≤23 dBm 发射机发射谱宽 ≤20 kHz(-50 dBc) 发射机频率稳定度 ≤20 kHz(温差≤100℃) 天线频率范围 1567.75±9 MHz 天线增益 >3 dBi 天线极化方式 右旋极化
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表 3 3种模式静态定位精度对比
Table 3 The comparison of three modules for the positioning precision in the static test
模式 CEP50/m 水平标准差/m 高度标准差/m 速度标准差/(m·s-1) 平均PDOP GPS 2.11 2.67 5.49 0.02 1.80 北斗 8.16 12.64 20.27 0.06 5.03 北斗与GPS混合 2.10 2.66 5.93 0.02 1.40 注：CEP50为圆概率误差。
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