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Spatial-temporal Characteristics of Urban Heat Island in Typical Cities of Anhui Province Based on MODIS
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摘要: 利用2001—2010年覆盖安徽省的MODIS数据，选取在气候、地理、城市化等方面具有代表性的合肥、芜湖、阜阳作为研究对象，并结合GIS技术，分析地表温度的日变化及季节变化特征，得到安徽省代表城市热岛效应的时空分布。结果表明：安徽省省会合肥的热岛效应最为显著，安徽省南部代表城市芜湖的热岛效应强于北部代表城市阜阳, 同时具有显著的日变化和季节变化特征。近10年来，安徽代表城市热岛面积和热岛强度均呈增加趋势，但合肥热岛强度大于3 ℃的极端热岛效应有一定缓解。白天大片水体对缓解城市的热岛效应作用明显，而夜晚则不明显，甚至成为地表温度的高值中心。夏季地表温度与归一化植被指数的负相关最显著，即提高城市植被覆盖度对降低地表温度和缓解城市热岛效应有重要影响。Abstract: Anhui Province is a place with great economic development and potential that lies in the hinterland of the Yangtze River Delta. The topography and climate of Anhui Province present obvious variousness, which can be divided into three natural regions: North China plain, Jianghuai hills and mountain areas of south Anhui. Anhui Province covers an area of 139600 km2. The population of Anhui Province reaches 68.62 million by the end of 2010. Since the 1990s, great changes have happened in Anhui Province, e.g., the tremendous growth of urban sprawl, population, vehicles and economy. In recent years, great increase in urban heat island (UHI) intensity also takes place in the areas with the most rapid urbanization due to fast economic growth and the increasing desire of people for an urban lifestyle. Hefei, the capital of Anhui Province, locating between the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River with hilly terrain, the non-rural area population and urban built-up area of which reaches 1800000 and 326 km2 in 2010, respectively. Wuhu, the economic center of southern Anhui, locating to the south of the Yangtze River with mountainous terrain, the non-rural area population and urban built-up area of which are respectively 950000 and 135 km2 in 2010. Fuyang, the economic center of northern Anhui, locating to the north of Huaihe River with a flat sub-layer, the non-rural area population and urban built-up area of which are 490000 and 76 km2 in 2010, respectively. Land surface temperature (LST) retrieved from MODIS data is used to explore the characteristics of urban heat island (UHI) in Province during 2001 to 2010. Considering some factors (climate, geography and urbanization), three cities mentiened above are first selected to study the UHI. Moreover, diurnal and seasonal variations of LST in these cities are captured by MODIS with GIS technology. Finally, spatial-temporal characteristics of urban heat island are analyzed in representative cities of Anhui Province. The result shows that the heat island effect of Hefei is the most significant. The intensities of UHI in representaty cities of Anhui is stronger in the south area than in the north. Especially, diurnal and seasonal characteristics presented significantly. In recent 10 years, the UHI area and UHI intensity in representative cities maintain increasing tendency, while the extreme UHI intensity (more than 3 ℃) has a weaker enhancement in Hefei. Large bodies of water have a significant role in weakening the city heat island effect in daytime, while have no impacts on UHI effect in nighttime, even becoming high value center of LST. LST and NDVI show significant negative correlation in summer, so it is very important for improving vegetation coverage of the city to reduce land surface temperature and weaken the effects of UHI.
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Key words:
- MODIS;
- land surface temperature;
- urban heat island
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图 1 2001—2010年的合肥、芜湖、阜阳MODIS全年平均白天和夜晚地表温度的空间分布
(绿色线为城区行政边界，下同)
Fig. 1 Spatial distributions of the MODIS-LST in Hefei，Wuhu and Fuyang for daytime and nighttime during 2001—2010
(the green line is the administrative boundary，the same hereinafter)
图 2 2001—2010年合肥、芜湖、阜阳的MODIS冬、春、夏、秋季白天平均热岛强度空间分布
Fig. 2 Spatial distributions of MODIS-LST in Hefei，Wuhu and Fuyang for daytime of four seasons from 2001 to 2010
图 3 2001—2010年合肥、芜湖、阜阳白天热岛效应的年际变化特征
Fig. 3 Inter-annual variation of UHI intensity in Hefei，Wuhu and Fuyang for daytime from 2001 to 2010
图 4 2001—2010年合肥、芜湖、阜阳的MODIS冬、春、夏、秋季夜晚平均热岛强度空间分布
Fig. 4 Spatial distribution of the MODIS-UHI intensity in Hefei, Wuhu and Fuyang for nightime of four seasons from 2001 to 2010
图 5 2001—2010年合肥、芜湖、阜阳夜晚热岛效应的年际变化特征
Fig. 5 Inter-annual variations of the UHI intensity in Hefei, Wuhu and Fuyang for nightime from 2001 to 2010
图 6 3个城市夏季NDVI与LST的散点图
Fig. 6 The scatter diagram between NDVI and LST in summer of three regions
图 7 3个城市非农业人口(a)和建成区面积(b)的年际变化
Fig. 7 Inter-annual variation of non-rural area population (a) and urban built-up area (b) in three regions
表 1 MODIS反演的地表温度质量分析
Table 1 The quality analysis of land surface temperature retrieved from MODIS data
站名 区站号 纬度 经度 站类型 遥感数据时间 反演地表温度/℃ 实测地表温度/℃ 误差/℃ 昼 夜 昼 夜 昼 夜 合肥 58321 31.87°N 117.23°E 基本站 2006-01-26 9.02 3.11 10.58 4.15 1.56 1.04 2008-04-23 23.6 12.31 25.15 13.39 1.55 1.08 2009-07-29 34.5 22.62 36.35 23.72 1.85 1.10 2010-10-25 24.1 12.01 26.47 13.13 2.37 1.12 芜湖 58334 31.33°N 118.38°E 基本站 2006-01-26 9.31 3.81 10.89 4.78 1.58 0.97 2008-04-23 24.31 12.91 26.11 13.92 1.80 1.01 2009-07-29 33.25 23.82 35.54 24.81 2.29 0.99 2010-10-25 25.37 12.34 27.01 13.15 1.64 0.81 阜阳 58203 32.92°N 115.82°E 基本站 2006-01-26 8.65 2.92 10.14 4.11 1.49 1.19 2008-04-23 22.14 12.37 23.89 13.11 1.75 0.74 2009-07-29 35.96 21.91 37.51 23.11 1.55 1.20 2010-10-25 23.21 11.76 25.11 12.77 1.90 1.01 
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表 2 城市热岛强度划分等级
Table 2 The classifications of UHI intensity
等级 热岛强度/℃ 热岛等级 1 (-∞, -5.0］ 强冷岛 2 (-5.0, -3.0］ 较强冷岛 3 (-3.0, -1.0］ 弱冷岛 4 (-1.0, 1.0］ 无热岛 5 (1.0, 3.0］ 弱热岛 6 (3.0, 5.0］ 较强热岛 7 (5.0, +∞) 强热岛
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