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Observational Analysis of Cloud Characteristics of the Bohai Sea-effect Snowstorms
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摘要: 利用静止卫星 (GMS-5, GOES-9, MTSAT) 红外数据与CloudSat卫星云剖面雷达数据、NCEP FNL分析资料与常规观测资料，对2001—2010年发生的12次渤海海效应暴雪过程中云的演变特征、渤海热力作用与暴雪云团垂直结构及相态组成进行了观测分析。发现不同生成源地的暴雪云通常在渤海上快速发展，云中多存在水平范围可达100~300 km的密实条状或块状云团，其下对应主要降雪区域；暴雪云生成源地可分为渤海湾及莱州湾附近、渤海中部、辽东湾附近3种，暴雪云在海上移动主要受850 hPa风场影响；渤海暖海面与其上冷空气间的热量、水汽交换形成的不稳定层结条件，导致暴雪云进一步发展；暴雪云发展旺盛时期高度可达4 km，其冰水含量最大值达600 mg·m-3且主要集中在2 km高度附近，平均值可达303 mg·m-3，冰粒子有效半径最大值约为120 μm，平均值约为91 μm。Abstract: Sea-effect snowstorm is a kind of typical local disastrous weather phenomena in winter of Shandong Province. The pioneering researches on snowstorm clouds usually focus on the period of snowfalls, but studies on their formation and development stages are rare. The clouds over the northern Shandong Peninsula usually are the southern edge of the sea-effect snowstorm clouds, and its evolution is closely relative to the main clouds over the Bohai Sea. 12 sea-effect snowstorm events during 2001—2010 over the Bohai Sea are investigated.First, stationary satellites (GMS-5, GOES-9, MTSAT) infrared data is used to investigate the evolution characteristics of snowstorm clouds, and combined with NECP FNL data, forming locations and moving features of different processes are classified. In addition, routine observation is used to analyze the corresponding relationship between snow and snowstorm clouds and the influence of the diabatic heating effect over the Bohai Sea. Finally, cloud profiling radar data of CloudSat are used to analyze the vertical structure and compositions of snowstorm clouds.The snowstorm clouds with different origins usually grow rapidly over the Bohai Sea, and among the clouds there are dense clouds with horizontal scale of 100—300 km in form of strips or a bulk, which is closely relative to the snowfall areas.The snowstorm clouds during their initial stages can be classified into three main categories according to their forming locations, near the Bohai Bay and the Laizhou Bay, the central part of the Bohai Sea, and near the Liaodong Bay. The movements of snowstorm clouds depend on winds at 850 hPa, and its dominant directions of movements can be classified into three types, by reference to the Bohai Strait move from west to east, from northwest to southeast, and from north to south, and finally the clouds reach the upper air of the northern Shandong Peninsula, which leads to its snowfalls.As cold winds move across long expanses of warmer water, the heat and moisture transport from the Bohai Sea warm surface upwards to its above cold air, defined as the Bohai sea-effect, results in the unstable conditions over the Bohai Sea. And meanwhile, the unstable conditions improve the shallow convection to intense, which results in the snowstorm clouds.The height of mature sea-effect snowstorm clouds can reach 4 km or so, and its ice-water mixture content has an average value of about 303 mg·m-3, its maximum is about 600 mg·m-3 and mainly distributes at 2 km height, and additionally the maximum and average values of ice effective radius is about 120 μm and 91 μm, respectively.
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图 1 山东半岛及周边地形分布
(▲为太行山脉；虚线为渤海各分区分界线；等值线为海拔高度, 单位：m)
Fig. 1 The terrain distribution of Shandong Peninsula and surroundings
(▲ represents the Taihang Mountains; the dash line represents the boundaries of the Bohai Sea subregions; the contour represent elevation, unit:m)
图 2 2005年12月3—5日海效应暴雪过程中云团的演变
(填色代表云顶亮温；AB为下文垂直剖面所在位置) (a)3日21:00, (b)4日02:00, (c)4日04:00, (d)4日10:00, (e)4日14:00, (f)5日10:00
Fig. 2 Evolution of clouds of the sea-effect snow storm during 3—5 Dec 2005
(color shaded represents cloud top brightness temperature; AB indicates the location of later vertical section)(a)2100 BT 3 Dec, (b)0200 BT 4 Dec, (c)0400 BT 4 Dec, (d)1000 BT 4 Dec, (e)1400 BT 4 Dec, (f)1000 BT 5 Dec
图 3 同图 2，但为2008年12月3—5日海效应暴雪过程
(CD，EF，GH为下文垂直剖面所在位置) (a)3日12:00, (b)4日08:00, (c)4日10:00, (d)4日20:00, (e)5日02:00, (f)5日13:00
Fig. 3 The same as in Fig. 2, but for the storm case during 3—5 Dec 2008
(CD, EF, GH indicate the locations of later vertical section)(a)1200 BT 3 Dec, (b)0800 BT 4 Dec, (c)1000 BT 4 Dec, (d)2000 BT 4 Dec, (e)0200 BT 5 Dec, (f)1300 BT 5 Dec
图 4 2005年12月4日海效应暴雪过程山东半岛沿岸站点最大降水量出现时刻
Fig. 4 Occurence time of observed maximal precipitation at several stations along Shandong Peninsula of the snowstorm on 4 Dec 2005
图 5 2005年12月3日11:00—4日20:00不同站点温度变化 (单位：℃)
(a) 秦皇岛站、长岛站、成山头站，(b) 北京站、济南站、潍坊站
Fig. 5 Time series of site temperatures from 1100 BT 03 Dec to 2000 BT 04 Dec in 2005(unit:℃)
(a) Qinhuangdao Station, Changdao Station, Chengshantou Station, (b) Beijing Station, Jinan Station, Weifang Station
图 6 沿图 2a中AB 2005年12月3—5日500~1000 hPa假相当位温梯度 (填充色，Δθse/Δp，其中Δp代表NCEP FNL数据中气压垂直分层间隔)、垂直风速 (黑线, 单位：Pa·s-1)、6 h变温 (红线, 单位：℃) 与水汽水平辐合 (绿线, 单位：10-5g·kg-1·s-1) 的垂直分布
(a)3日14:00, (b)3日20:00, (c)4日02:00, (d)4日08:00
Fig. 6 The vertical section from 500 to 1000 hPa along AB in Fig. 2a of pseudo-equivalent potential temperatures gradient (shaded, Δθse/Δp, Δp represents the vertical pressure interval of NCEP FNL data), pressure vertical velocity (black contours, unit:Pa·s-1), 6-h temperature tendency (red contours, unit:℃) and horizontal convergence of vapor (green contours, unit:10-5g·kg-1·s-1) in 2005
(a)1400 BT 3 Dec, (b)2000 BT 3 Dec, (c)0200 BT 4 Dec, (d)0800 BT 4 Dec
图 8 2008年12月3—5日海效应暴雪过程中CloudSat卫星沿图 3中CD, EF, GH给出的冰水混合物含量及冰粒子有效半径分布
(a)3日12：00沿CD冰水混合物含量, (b)3日12：00沿CD冰粒子有效半径，(c)5日02：00沿EF冰水混合物含量, (d)5日02：00沿EF冰粒子有效半径，(e)5日13：00沿GH冰水混合物含量, (f)5日13：00沿GH冰粒子有效半径
Fig. 8 Vertical section of the CloudSat observations for the process during 3—5 Dec 2008 along CE, EF, GH in Fig. 3
(a) ice-water mixture content along CD at 1200 BT 3 Dec, (b) ice effective radius along CD at 1200 BT 3 Dec, (c) ice-water mixture content along EF at 0200 BT 5 Dec, (d) ice effective radius along EF at 0200 BT 5 Dec, (e) ice-water mixture content along GH at 1300 BT 5 Dec, (f) ice effective radius along GH at 1300 BT 5 Dec
表 1 2001—2010年山东半岛典型海效应暴雪过程
Table 1 Typical sea-effect snowstorm processes over Shandong Peninsula from 2001 to 2010
过程 日期 最大降雪
站点降雪量/mm 云团初始时次 生成源地 500 hPa
天气形势850 hPa
高空风向1 2001-11-26 成山头 13.9 2001-11-25T10:00 渤海湾和莱州湾附近 西风槽 WNW 2 2002-11-18 文登 18.4 2002-11-17T04:00 辽东湾附近 冷涡 NNW 3 2003-01-04 文登 15.3 2003-01-03T01:00 渤海中部 冷涡 NW 4 2004-01-21 烟台 11.3 2004-01-20T14:00 渤海中部 西风槽 NNW 5 2005-12-04 荣成 27.0 2005-12-03T21:00 渤海中部 冷涡 NW 6 2005-12-06
2005-12-07烟台
威海21.0
24.42005-12-05T20:00 渤海中部 先槽后冷涡 WNW 7 2005-12-11
2005-12-12
2005-12-13烟台
文登
文登12.4
12.6
12.62005-12-10T20:00 渤海中部 冷涡 NW 8 2005-12-21 威海 18.3 2005-12-20T20:00 渤海中部 冷涡 WNW 9 2006-12-17 牟平 13.4 2006-12-16T12:00 渤海中部 西风槽 NW 10 2008-11-19 文登 10.9 2008-11-17T23:00 渤海中部 冷涡 NW 11 2008-12-05 牟平 26.5 2008-12-04T08:00 渤海湾和莱州湾附近 冷涡 NW 12 2010-12-30 荣成 22.6 2010-12-29T17:00 辽东湾附近 冷涡 NNW 
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