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The Application of Radiosonde Observation Blacklisting Check to Variable Data Assimilation System
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摘要: 针对探空观测资料使用造成的某些区域GRAPES分析场存在虚假的高、低压系统问题，该文通过对比全球探空资料的位势高度观测与NCEP分析场，统计站点中观测质量较差的时次出现频数，确定探空位势高度观测黑名单。研究表明：500 hPa在印度地区、北大西洋和南极洲附近的探空位势高度观测与NCEP分析场的均方根误差在30 gpm以上的站点较多，且位势高度观测不可靠观测比率为20%以上的站点主要集中这些区域，以上观测站均列入黑名单。文中在GRAPES全球三维变分分析场的质量控制中加入探空位势高度观测黑名单检查，通过6 h分析预报循环试验表明:探空位势高度观测黑名单检查能有效提高分析场质量，GRAPES位势高度分析场在南极洲附近和印度地区有所改善。Abstract: The radiosonde observations are very important for the numerical weather forecasting as they are more reliable data compared to other observations in the assimilation system. The radiosonde observation needs serious quality controlling before used in data assimilation, and the blacklisting check which uses monthly blacklist to delete the abnormal noise and bias data compared with background field is a significant step in observation quality monitoring. At present the radiosonde observations used in GRAPES (Global-Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System) analysis system are scanned through preliminary checks such as climatological extreme check, consistency checks and background quality control in data assimilation system, but blacklisting check is not included. For the spurious high/low-pressure system structure of GRAPES analysis caused by the radiosonde observation in some region, the radiosonde observations are analyzed through comparing with NCEP analysis from June to August in 2007. Results show that the bias of radiosonde geopotential height observation and NCEP analysis is less than 50 gpm under 100 hPa. The bias is much bigger over 100 hPa and the radiosonde geopotential height is much smaller than NCEP analysis. Stations where the root mean square errors of the geopotential height between radiosonde observations and NCEP analysis for 500 hPa exceed 30 gpm are located in India, North Atlantic Ocean and Antarctic region. In those regions the unreliable observation ratios of some stations are above 20%, so they are listed in the blacklist. The geopotential height blacklist of radiosonde is provided by comparing observations with NCEP analysis and estimating the frequency of bad observation-quality station. The geopotential height blacklisting check of radiosonde is applied to GRAPES global 3D-var analysis system, and the cycle experiments of the analysis and forecast from 1 July to 21 July in 2009 are carried out. Two experiments are performed, Experiment 1 (control test) without blacklisting check and Experiment 2 with blacklisting check. The results indicate that the quality of geopotential height analysis of GRAPES is improved in India and Antarctic regions when considering geopotential height blacklist. The average root mean square errors of geopotential height GRAPES analysis and NCEP analysis for 500 hPa is reduced by 6 gpm in India Region and near 10 gpm in Antarctic Region after using blacklisting check in the 3D-var analysis system. In Antarctic region, the average biases and root mean square errors of geopotential height GRAPES analysis and NCEP analysis both decrease from 1000 hPa to high levels. The blacklisting check of radiosonde observation is a necessary step in the analysis system. The updated blacklist information will be used to assimilate the radiosonde observation more effectively.
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图 2 2007年6月1日12:00探空位势高度观测与NCEP分析场偏差
Fig. 2 Bias of radiosonde geopotential height observation and NCEP analysis at 1200 UTC 1 June 2007
图 3 500 hPa位势高度观测与NCEP分析场均方根误差r(单位：gpm)
Fig. 3 The root mean square r of geopotential height observation and NCEP analysis for 500 hPa (unit: gpm)
图 4 站点42369 2007年6月1日—8月31日885~965 hPa位势高度观测与NCEP分析场偏差频数 (黑色) 分布 (灰色为观测偏差绝对值大于阈值部分的频数)
Fig. 4 The frequency (the black) of bias between geopotential height observation and NCEP analysis for 885-965 hPa on Station 42369 from 1 June to 31 August 2007 (the gray denotes the part of absolute observation bias bigger than the threshold value)
图 5 2007年6月1日—8月31日站点42369 450~550 hPa位势高度与NCEP分析场偏差的频数 (黑色) 分布 (灰色为观测偏差绝对值大于阈值部分的频数)
Fig. 5 The frequency (the black) of bias between geopotential height observation and NCEP analysis for 450-550 hPa of Station 42369 from 1 June to 31 August in 2007 (the gray denotes the part of observation bias bigger than the threshold value)
图 6 站点42369位势高度观测均方根误差不可靠观测比率及全球位势高度观测平均均方根误差分布
Fig. 6 Root mean square errors of geopotential height observation ratio of unreliable observation on Station 42369 and average root mean square errors of global geopotential height observation
图 8 6—8月500 hPa位势高度观测不可靠比率 (超过20%) 分布
Fig. 8 Ratio of unreliable observation (no less than 20%) for geopotential height observation at 500 hPa from June to August
图 9 2009年7月1日12:00—7月21日12:00 500 hPa位势高度GRAPE分析场与NCEP分析场平均均方根误差 (单位：gpm) (试验1与试验2的位势高度分析场均方根误差的差别)
Fig. 9 Root mean square errors of geopotential height between GRAPES analysis and NCEP analysis for 500 hPa at 1200 UTC from 1 July to 21 July in 2009(unit:gpm) (root mean square errors of geopotential height analysis for Experiment 1 minus Experiment 2)
图 10 2009年7月1日12:00—21日12:00 60°~90°S的位势高度分析偏差与均方根误差
Fig. 10 Bias and root mean square errors of geopotential height analysis over 60°-90°S at 1200 UTC from 1 July to 21 July in 2009
表 1 2009年7月10日12:00探空位势高度观测资料份数
Table 1 Radiosonde observation pieces at 1200 UTC 10 July 2009
项目 试验1 试验2 资料缺省 7607 7607 资料使用 16999 16872 预质量控制剔除 24 24 背景场检查剔除 2571 2578 黑名单检查剔除 0 120 
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