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Radiometric Characteristics of FY-3C Microwave Humidity and Temperature Sounder
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摘要: 2013年9月发射的FY-3C是我国第2代极轨气象卫星的第3颗星，其上装载的微波湿温探测仪在118 GHz氧气吸收线和183 GHz水汽吸收线设计了两组大气探测通道，在大气窗区设置了89 GHz和150 GHz探测通道。为保证微波湿温探测仪在轨定量应用，卫星发射前完成了地面热真空试验。该文介绍了热真空定标试验原理，并对FY-3C微波湿温探测仪正样产品真空试验数据进行了定量分析。数据分析结果表明：FY-3C微波湿温探测仪正样产品15个探测通道的灵敏度均满足设计指标要求，各通道观测亮温间相对独立，定标准确度优于1.6 K，真空试验过程中微波湿温探测仪定标结果稳定。FY-3C微波湿温探测仪发射前热真空定标特性分析结果为仪器在轨定量应用奠定了基础。Abstract:
The microwave humidity sounder (MWHS) is a five channel microwave radiometer in the range of 150-191 GHz onboard FY-3A and FY-3B. FY-3A and FY-3B are successfully launched in 2008 and 2010, respectively. The next generation of MWHS is a microwave humidity and temperature sounder. This sensor is developed to fly on the third satellite of new generation polar orbit meteorological satellite of China (FY-3C) is launched in September 2013.The microwave humidity and temperature sounder has 15 channels in the range of 89-191 GHz. Eight temperature sounding channels with central frequency of 118.75 GHz oxygen gas line and five humidity sounding channels with central frequency of 183.31 GHz water vapor line. Two window channels center at 89 GHz and 150 GHz. 118 GHz channel is first used to detect atmosphere on current operational satellite. Channels in the oxygen band are at around 54 GHz used by AMSU-A (advanced microwave sounding unit-A) and ATMS (advanced technology microwave sounder). Channels in the next oxygen absorption band are at around 118.75 GHz, which can well detect atmosphere temperature in the lower troposphere. The temperature sounding channels around 118.75 GHz detect the atmosphere temperature from 900 hPa to 25 hPa. The microwave humidity and temperature sounder adds two humidity sounding channels compared with MWHS that can obtain fine vertical distribution structure of atmosphere humidity.In order to determine the radiometric performance and the on-orbit use of the microwave humidity and temperature sounder, an extensive test is performed before launch. The microwave humidity and temperature sounder is placed in a thermal-vacuum chamber where the cold and earth targets are installed at fixed position. The instrument temperature is controlled at 5℃, 15℃ and 25℃ which is expected in orbit. The temperature of earth target maintains from 95 K to 330 K and space target is controlled at 95 K. Temperatures of these whole targets are measured by PRT (platinum resistance thermometer) and the temperature measurement accuracy is better than 0.1 K. The test database include counts of internal blackbody, earth and cold targets are obtained by the new microwave radiometer and the temperature measured by PRT.The sounder is calibrated with the thermal-vacuum chamber test method, and test data are quantitatively analyzed. Results for noise equivalent differential temperatures of fifteen channels show that all fifteen channel measured sensitivities meet requirements of indicators. Noise equivalent differential temperatures of humidity channels are all below 0.5 K which are also at the same level of indicators from ATMS. The channels around 118.75 GHz except channel 2 are all below 1 K, and that means observations from these channels used for temperature retrieval are well. Because the narrow bandwidth of channel 2, the noise equivalent differential temperature of this channel is about 1.7 K that maybe affects retrieval precision. Correlations between all channels are independent. After correcting all biases, the calibration accuracy is well below 1.12 K. Calibration results of microwave humidity and temperature sounder are stability for each channel. The radiometric characteristic analysis of all channels provide useful reference for in-orbit application of the new microwave radiometer sounder on FY-3C.
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图 1 真空罐内微波湿温探测仪和冷源及变温源之间的位置关系
Fig. 1 Facility for thermal vacuum test of the microwave humidity and temperature sounder
图 2 微波湿温探测仪热定标源PRT测温结果 (a)89/118 GHz，(b)150/183 GHz
Fig. 2 PRT temperature distribution of 89/118 GHz (a) and 150/183 GHz (b) warm target
图 3 微波湿温探测仪热源、冷源和变温源观测计数值
(a)89/118 GHz，(b)150/183 GHz
Fig. 3 Accordance analysis of warm, cold and variable target view in scan lines
(a)89/118 GHz, (b)150/183 GHz
图 4 微波湿温探测仪各通道两点定标结果偏差分布特征
Fig. 4 The calibration bias distribution of the microwave humidity and temperature sounder
图 5 仪器灵敏度随平滑窗长度的变化
Fig. 5 The variation of ΔNet with the number of scan lines included in the average windows
表 1 微波湿温探测仪主要应用目的和通道特性参数①
Table 1 The microwave humidity and temperature sounder channel characteristics
序号 中心频率/GHz 极化 带宽/MHz 主波束宽度 主波束效率 1 89 V 1500 2.0° ＞92% 2 118.75±0.08 H 20 2.0° >92% 3 118.75±0.2 H 100 2.0° ＞92% 4 118.75±0.3 H 165 2.0° ＞92% 5 118.75±0.8 H 200 2.0° ＞92% 6 118.75±1.1 H 200 2.0° ＞92% 7 118.75±2.5 H 200 2.0° ＞92% 8 118.75±3.0 H 1000 2.0° ＞92% 9 118.75±5.0 H 2000 2.0° ＞92% 10 150 V 1500 1.1° ＞95% 11 183.31±1.0 H 500 1.1° ＞95% 12 183.31±1.8 H 700 1.1° ＞95% 13 183.31±3.0 H 1000 1.1° ＞95% 14 183.31±4.5 H 2000 1.1° ＞95% 15 183.31±7.0 H 2000 1.1° ＞95% 
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表 2 非线性订正后微波湿温探测仪各通道最大亮温偏差
Table 2 Max bias of brightness temperature after nonlinear correction
通道号 各仪器温度下的最大亮温偏差/K 5℃ 15℃ 25℃ 1 0.33 0.23 0.20 2 0.40 0.50 0.24 3 0.14 0.13 0.10 4 0.17 0.23 0.15 5 0.20 0.09 0.16 6 0.14 0.17 0.16 7 0.16 0.19 0.13 8 0.18 0.23 0.13 9 0.15 0.16 0.15 10 0.17 0.24 0.17 11 0.14 0.25 0.08 12 0.14 0.13 0.12 13 0.17 0.27 0.19 14 0.19 0.29 0.35 15 0.28 0.19 0.15
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表 3 微波湿温探测仪各通道灵敏度
Table 3 Radiometric sensitivity values for the microwave humidity and temperature sounder
通道号 灵敏度指标/K 各仪器温度下的灵敏度/K 5℃ 15℃ 25℃ 1 1.0 0.226 0.301 0.257 2 3.6 1.790 1.763 1.663 3 2.0 0.679 0.701 0.686 4 1.6 0.548 0.591 0.568 5 1.6 0.635 0.475 0.485 6 1.6 0.535 0.519 0.470 7 1.6 0.538 0.544 0.511 8 1.0 0.310 0.281 0.306 9 1.0 0.421 0.405 0.304 10 1.0 0.296 0.307 0.289 11 1.0 0.456 0.360 0.393 12 1.0 0.371 0.284 0.350 13 1.0 0.231 0.266 0.250 14 1.0 0.287 0.240 0.266 15 1.0 0.282 0.309 0.249
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表 4 微波湿温探测仪各通道观测亮温的相关系数
Table 4 Correlation maxrtix for the microwave humidity and temperature sounder
通道号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 1 0.091 0.050 0.005 -0.089 0.049 -0.103 -0.043 -0.009 0.101 0.116 0.040 -0.042 -0.135 -0.016 2 0.091 1 -0.083 0.001 0.036 -0.016 0.085 -0.190 -0.015 -0.024 0.105 -0.001 0.039 -0.029 -0.004 3 0.050 -0.083 1 0.160 0.019 -0.042 0.133 0.073 0.114 0.065 -0.060 0.013 -0.086 -0.121 -0.079 4 0.005 0.001 0.160 1 0.015 0.074 0.036 0.082 0 0.016 0.041 -0.158 -0.003 0 -0.034 5 -0.089 0.036 0.019 0.015 1 0.059 0.037 0.012 0.051 0.024 -0.033 -0.042 0.023 -0.054 -0.106 6 0.049 -0.016 -0.042 0.074 0.059 1 0.011 0.104 0.078 -0.109 -0.087 -0.100 -0.033 -0.033 -0.099 7 -0.103 0.085 0.133 0.036 0.037 0.011 1 0.343 0.190 -0.144 -0.031 -0.042 -0.055 -0.008 0.025 8 -0.043 -0.190 0.073 0.082 0.012 0.104 0.343 1 0.554 -0.083 -0.059 -0.077 -0.149 0.031 -0.021 9 -0.009 -0.015 0.114 0 0.051 0.078 0.190 0.554 1 -0.020 -0.049 0.109 -0.052 0.068 0.037 10 0.101 -0.024 0.065 0.016 0.024 -0.109 -0.144 -0.083 -0.020 1 0.098 0.123 0.072 0.111 0.028 11 0.116 0.105 -0.060 0.041 -0.033 -0.087 -0.031 -0.059 -0.049 0.098 1 0.149 0.200 0.088 0.075 12 0.040 -0.001 0.013 -0.158 -0.042 -0.100 -0.042 -0.077 0.109 0.123 0.149 1 0.302 0.073 0.184 13 -0.042 0.039 -0.086 -0.003 0.023 -0.033 -0.055 -0.149 -0.052 0.072 0.200 0.302 1 0.244 0.274 14 -0.135 -0.029 -0.121 0 -0.054 -0.033 -0.008 0.031 0.068 0.111 0.088 0.073 0.244 1 0.254 15 -0.016 -0.004 -0.079 -0.034 -0.106 -0.099 0.025 -0.021 0.037 0.028 0.075 0.184 0.274 0.254 1
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