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用卫星资料分析中国区域CO柱总量时空分布特征
Temporal and Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Carbon Monoxide Column Amount over China Based on Satellite Data
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摘要: 该文利用国际先进在轨星载探测仪器SCIMACHY/ENVISAT和MOPITT/TERRA的一氧化碳（CO）柱总量观测资料，比较两个载荷的观测结果发现，二者在陆地区域的观测数据一致性较好，且与我国本底站近地面观测结果有比较一致的时间变化态势，表明CO柱总量卫星观测值可以很好地反映其在我国大气中的时空分布特性。利用MOPITT长时间的观测数据（2000年3月-2009年2月）对中国区域CO柱总量时空分布特性进行了分析，研究结果显示：我国东部地区CO柱总量显着高于西部地区，两个地区的CO柱总量年平均值9年内均呈上升态势，西部地区平均年增长率是千分之一的量级，东部地区年增长率约为1.0%.中国区域CO柱总量分布随季节变化显着，春季CO柱总量平均值最高，但是CO柱总量最小值，在东部地区出现在夏季，而西部地区出现在秋季。Abstract:
Carbon monoxide is an important tropospheric species inasmuch as it influences the atmospheric chemistry through its reaction with the OH radical. It's also one of the main pollutants produced by incomplete combustion processes. Coupled with few weeks lifetime, it can be used as a tracer of atmospheric transport. Surface CO measurements which have generally been limited to boundary layer measurements often affected by local pollution cannot provide a global view of CO temporal and spatial distribution. Better understand these characteristics relies on a combination of ground based, aircraft, and space based measurements. CO long term changes and trends over a large area can only be obtained through space based remote sensing observations. Such measurements have been carried out by the SCanning Imaging Absorption SpectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) instrument on ENVISAT satellite and the Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere instrument on TERRA (MOPITT). These measurements have been used effectively on monitoring CO plumes from forest fires, intercontinental transport of pollutions, frontal lifting and convective transport of pollution to the upper troposphere, and for inverse modeling to quantify surface source of CO. MOPITT measurements are useful in providing a global picture of the distribution of CO, but studies on their near surface application is limited. Since the sensors of CO on MOPITT are near the 4.7 μm absorption spectra, they are sensitive to CO mostly in the middle and upper troposphere but generally less sensitive in the lower troposphere comparing with the CO measurements in the solar channel at 2.3 μm by SCIMACHY. An introduction is given on CO remote sensing retrieval methods used by SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT and MOPITT/TERRA. Distribution properties and trend of CO from MOPITT of 2003 to 2005 are compared to SCIMACHY retrieval results. The two products show good agreement on the land; also they give roughly the same spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of CO. Comparisons between MOPITT product and ground measurement data of CO over Longfengshan, Lin'an and Waliguan during 2007—2008 show roughly the same temporal change in posture. Distribution characteristics and trend of CO from March 2000 to February 2004 over China is analyzed using MOPITT retrieval CO column amount product. On the average, CO in the east of China is higher than west. There is significant seasonal variation for CO with a peak in spring time. CO concentration in summer time is lowest in the east, but it reaches the minimum in autumn in the west of China. Trends analysis suggests that CO average column amount have increased during these nine years. The increasing trend for CO in the west region of China is at magnitude of a few thousandths, but in the east the increasing trend is about 1%.
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图 1 2003-2005年平均CO柱总量全球分布与SCIAMACHY MOPITT偏差
（图中白色为无效值）
Fig. 1 CO column amount over the world of 2003-2005 and difference of SCIAMACHY to MOPITT CO retrieval results
(white areas denote ineffective results)
图 2 2003-2005年SCIMACHY和MOPITT不同季节在选择的4个区域反演结果比较
（单位：1018分子数/cm2）
Fig. 2 Comparison of SCIMACHY and MOPITT retrieval result for 4 seasons at 4 chosen areas during 2003-2005
(unit:1018 molecules/cm2)
图 3 MOPITT反演结果与本底站观测比较
Fig. 3 Comparison of MOPITT retrieval result with ground-base station measurement
图 4 中国区域2000年3月-2009年2月CO柱总量多年平均以及季节平均分布 (单位:1018分子数/cm2)(a) 多年平均, (b) 春季, (c) 夏季, (d) 秋季, (e) 冬季
Fig. 4 Normals and seasonal distribution CO column amount during March 2000-February 2009 over China (unit:1018molecules/cm2) (a) normals, (b) spring, (c) summer, (d) autumn, (e) winter
图 5 2000年3月-2009年2月我国东、西部地区月、年平均CO柱总量变化及其趋势
（虚线为年平均变化拟合结果）
Fig. 5 Variation and trend of monthly and annual average CO column at west and east of China from Mar 2000 to Feb 2009(dashed line denotes annual mean fitting result)
表 1 SCIAMACHY通道参数表 (单位:nm)
Table 1 Parameters of SCIAMACHY channels (unit:nm)
表 2 MOPITT通道参数表
Table 2 Parameters of MOPITT channels
表 3 SCIAMACHYMOPITT在4个区域四季反演结果相关性以及平均偏差
Table 3 Correlation and average bias of SCIMACHY and MOPITT retrieval result for 4 seasons at 4 chosen areas
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