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Statistical Characteristics of Magnetic Field Produced by Tall-Object Lightning in Guangzhou During 2011-2012
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摘要: 为研究不同高度的建筑物对雷电磁场的影响，对2011年7月—2012年8月广州高建筑物雷电观测试验中获取的雷电磁场波形数据进行统计分析，共选取击中14个高建筑物的40次雷电 (均为负极性雷电) 的磁场数据，结果表明：高建筑物对回击磁场峰值有增强作用，且建筑物越高对回击磁场峰值的增强作用越大，高度在200 m以上的建筑物上雷电首次回击磁场峰值的几何平均值是高度在200 m以下的建筑物上的2.4倍；高建筑物雷电回击的磁场波形呈多峰特征；观测到的20次击中200 m以下高建筑物的雷电中，有13次 (65%) 雷电首次回击的磁场波形出现后续峰值比初始峰值大的现象，击中200 m以上高建筑物的14次雷电中有8次 (57%) 出现该现象；40次高建筑物雷电中有22次 (55%) 为多回击雷电，135个回击间隔时间的几何平均值为69.1 ms, 多回击高建筑物雷电中有10次 (45%) 出现继后回击的磁场峰值大于首次回击磁场峰值的现象。Abstract: With the development of society and economy, more and more tall objects, such as tall towers, skyscrapers and other kinds of high buildings are erected in China. It is a commonly used method to study physical mechanisms of lightning discharge by measuring the electromagnetic fields produced by the lightning occurring on tall objects. Characteristics of electromagnetic fields and the influence on the electromagnetic environment induced by lightning flashes occurring on or around the tall objects are also widely studied. Since 2009, a field experiment is conducted to study the physics process of lightning flashes striking on tall objects in Guangzhou. The Tall-Object Lightning Observatory in Guangzhou (TOLOG) is established on the top of a building with a height of approximately 100 m that belongs to Guangdong Provincial Meteorological Bureau to observe lightning flashes striking on tall objects with different heights in Guangzhou. In this experiment, the height of observed lightning striking point is found to be within 90-600 m, while the distance between the lightning striking points and the observation point is within 140 m-3.3 km. Magnetic field data for 40 negative lightning flashes obtained during 2011-2012 are analyzed. Statistical results show that tall objects have an enhancing effect on the magnetic field induced by the lightning flashes striking on them. The taller the object is, the larger the enhancing effect will be. The geometric mean (GM) value of the magnetic field peak values induced by the lightning flashes to the objects taller than 200 m is 2.4 times of that induced by lightning flashes to the objects lower than 200 m. Waveforms of the lightning magnetic field always exhibit multi-peak behavior. Regarding the magnetic field waveforms of the first return stroke, 13 out of 20 cases in which the lightning flashes strikes objects lower than 200 m have the subsequent peak value that is greater than the initial peak value; 8 out of 14 cases in which lightning flashes that strike tall objects higher than 200 m exhibit the same characteristics. The GM value of inter-stroke intervals of all of 135 return strokes is 69.1 ms. Among them, the GM value is 65.0 ms for the inter-stroke intervals of the 53 return strokes occurring on the objects taller than 200 m, and 71.5 ms for the inter-stroke intervals of the 82 return strokes occurring on the objects lower than 200 m. In addition, 10 lightning flashes (45%) among 22 multi-stroke negative lightning flashes are found that the magnetic field peak value induced by subsequent return stroke is greater than that induced by the first return stroke.
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图 1 40次闪电击中的14个高建筑物的平面分布图
Fig. 1 The plan view of 14 tall objects struck by 40 lightning flashes
图 3 不同高度建筑物上雷电首次回击的归一化磁场强度
Fig. 3 The normalized magnetic field amplitude of the first return stroke of lightning to tall objects with different heights
图 4 闪电F1201首次回击磁场波形
Fig. 4 Waveform of magnetic field of first return stroke for flash F1201
图 5 闪电F1215首次回击磁场波形
Fig. 5 Waveform of magnetic field of first return stroke for flash F1215
图 6 首次回击 (a) 和继后回击 (b) 初始峰值与绝对峰值的散点图
Fig. 6 Scatter plot of amplitude of initial peak and absolute peak for first return stroke (a) and subsequent return stroke (b)
图 7 闪电F1211继后回击磁场波形
Fig. 7 Waveform of magnetic field of subsequent return stroke for flash F1211
表 1 归一化回击磁场峰值统计结果
Table 1 Statistical results of magnetic field normalized amplitude for return-stroke
建筑物高度 归一化磁场峰值 回击个数 算术平均值/(A·m-1) 几何平均值/(A·m-1) 中值/(A·m-1) 标准偏差/(A·m-1) 首次 继后 首次 继后 首次 继后 首次 继后 首次 继后 200 m以下 20 78 1.97 1.34 1.53 1.06 1.63 0.92 1.57 0.94 200 m以上 14 53 4.35 2.13 3.63 1.56 4.79 1.91 2.28 1.70 553 m
(加拿大CN塔[16])31 1.12 1.01 1.00 0.41 
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