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Characteristics of Raindrop Size Distribution in Chengdu
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摘要: 选取成都信息工程学院气象观测场LNM激光雨滴谱仪获得的2009—2011年175次降水过程的观测资料，依据产生降水云的性质进行统计分类，基于微物理特征参量讨论了成都地区积云、积层混合云以及层状云降水雨滴谱的总体特征，同时结合3个典型个例的微结构参量进行对比分析。结果表明：成都地区积云降水和积层混合云降水的雨滴谱比层状云宽且雨滴数密度比层状云多，特别是在大雨滴和甚小雨滴部分；4种反映雨滴谱特性的特征直径从大到小依次为积云降水、积层混合云降水、层状云降水；成都地区层状云降水的雨强主要来自于小雨滴，而积云降水和积层混合云降水的雨强主要来自于大雨滴；雨强取决于大雨滴的数量，小雨滴贡献率与雨强呈负相关，中数体积直径对雨强变化有一定指示作用。对成都地区雨滴谱特征的研究，有利于进一步了解该地区降水的微物理特性及成雨机制，为降水数值预报工作积累资料和经验。Abstract: Based on raindrop data derived from LNM laser spectrometer from 2009 to 2011, raindrop size distribution (RSD) characteristics of Chengdu are discussed, and evolutions of microphysical parameters of 175 precipitation processes including cumulus type, cumulus-stratus mixed cloud type and stratus type are analyzed. Meanwhile, three typical cases are chosen to investigate the microphysical structure parameters. Conclusions are as follows.The cumulus precipitation and cumulus-stratus mixed cloud precipitation are wider than stratus precipitation in RSD and larger than stratus precipitation in raindrop density, especially in sections of big raindrops and very small raindrops. It reveals different ways raindrop growth. The curve of RSD in three types of precipitation has more than two peaks, indicating that most of the precipitation process is unstable. The advantage diameter and the median volume diameter are well correlated with rainfall intensity, Dp and Dn values in three types of precipitation are significantly different, the advantage diameter and the median volume diameter of stratus precipitation is less than half of cumulus precipitation. In general, four kinds of characteristic diameters of the cumulus precipitation are the largest ones in three types of precipitation, and the ones of the cumulus-stratus mixed cloud precipitation are larger than those of the stratus precipitation. But results are not completely in accordance with facts. Because of the complexity of the precipitation process, four characteristics of diameter cannot be the classification standard of precipitation patterns. Small raindrops make the main contribution to the rainfall intensity of stratus precipitation, while big raindrops make the main contribution to the cumulus precipitation and cumulus-stratus mixed cloud precipitation over Chengdu Area. In different rainfall process, raindrop is in the majority, the deviation of contribution rate is small, and the number proportion is stable. Although the number of big raindrops is very small, the deviation of raindrop density ratio becomes large and the proportion of number is not stable, and it is the main cause for heavy rainfall process. The rainfall intensity depends on the quantity of big raindrops, however, the contribution of small raindrops to the rainfall intensity is negative. The median volume diameter can indicate the change of rainfall intensity, because the median volume diameter always increases earlier than rainfall intensity. Raindrop proportion increases firstly, then the raindrop density increases, finally, numbers of the small raindrops increase with big raindrops, strengthening the rainfall intensity. The study on RSD is helpful to further understand the mechanism and microphysical characteristics of the precipitation over Chengdu, and can also accumulate basic data and experience for the precipitation numerical prediction.
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图 2 3种类型降水的数密度百分比
(a) 积云降水，(b) 积层混合云降水，(c) 层状云降水
Fig. 2 The percentage of number density in three-type precipitation
(a) cumulus, (b) cumulus-stratus mixed cloud, (c) stratus
图 3 3种类型降水雨滴平均直径百分比分布
Fig. 3 The percentage distribution of mean diameters in three-type precipitation
图 4 3种类型降水的中数体积直径百分比分布
Fig. 4 The percnetage distribution of the median volume diameters in three-type precipitation
图 5 3次降水产生过程中相应08:00 500 hPa环流形势
(图中黑色实心方块为观测场位置，单位：dagpm) (a) 积云降水 (2009-08-26), (b) 积层混合云降水 (2011-07-03), (c) 层状云降水 (2010-06-06)
Fig. 5 500 hPa potential height field of three cases at 0800 BT
(the position of observation station marked by solid black box, unit:dagpm) (a) cumulus precipitation (26 Aug 2009), (b) cumulus-stratus mixed cloud precipitation (3 Jul 2011), (c) stratus precipitation (6 Jun 2010)
图 6 3次降水产生过程中相应24 h累积降水量分布 (单位：mm)
(a) 积云降水 (2009-08-26)，(b) 积层混合云降水 (2011-07-03)，(c) 层状云降水 (2010-06-06)
Fig. 6 24-h precipitation of precipitation in three cases (unit: mm)
(a) cumulus precipitation (26 Aug 2009), (b) cumulus-stratus mixed cloud precipitation (3 Jul 2011), (c) stratus precipitation (6 Jun 2010)
图 7 3个降水个例的降水微结构参量随时间的演变
Fig. 7 Changes of precipitation microphysical structure parameters in three cases
表 1 3种类型降水频次统计
Table 1 The frequency of three-type precipitation
季节 积云降水 积层混合云降水 层状云降水 频次 比例% 频次 比例% 频次 比例% 春 3 13.0 15 39.5 51 44.7 夏 14 61.0 19 50.0 30 26.3 秋 5 21.7 4 10.5 24 21.1 冬 1 4.3 0 0 9 7.9 
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表 2 3种类型降水的雨滴特征直径平均值 (单位：mm)
Table 2 Mean characteristic diameters of raindrop in three-type precipitation (unit: mm)
降水类型 Dm Dv Dp Dn 积云降水 0.56 0.88 1.83 1.66 积层混合云降水 0.53 0.72 1.19 1.12 层状云降水 0.44 0.54 0.79 0.75
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表 3 不同雨滴对数密度及雨强的贡献率 (单位：%)
Table 3 The contribution of different raindrop sizes to the number density and the rainfall intensity (unit:%)
降水类型 n1/N n2/N n3/N R1/R R2/R R3/R 积云降水 87.98 10.58 1.44 10.50 47.66 41.84 积层混合云降水 90.92 8.66 0.42 27.84 53.73 18.43 层状云降水 96.39 3.52 0.09 63.21 31.92 4.87
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表 4 不同雨滴贡献率相对偏差 (单位：%)
Table 4 The relative deviation of contribution of different raindrop sizes (unit:%)
降水类型 n1/N n2/N n3/N R1/R R2/R R3/R 积云降水 4.29 28.73 111.81 72.67 36.74 56.41 积层混合云降水 4.38 43.76 92.86 64.76 21.70 80.41 层状云降水 4.12 109.09 211.11 46.81 76.38 165.09
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