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Test and Calibration Methods for X-band Active Phased-array Weather Radar
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摘要: 该文根据有源相控阵天气雷达的体制特点，参考多普勒天气雷达测试定标方法，提出了一维扫描有源相控阵天气雷达的测试和定标方法，将测试重点放在天馈系统、T/R组件、脉冲压缩、动态范围的测试和定标上，以解决不同观测模式、不同波位的天线增益等参数变化引起的回波强度测量误差问题。测试结果表明：天馈系统在不同观测模式下的天线参数随仰角的变化情况、波束指向的准确度、T/R组件的动态范围等均符合设计要求，回波强度和径向速度定标精度较高。雷达经过测试和定标后，于2014年5—8月分别在安徽定远和四川甘孜进行外场试验，并与附近多普勒天气雷达 (SA) 和C波段双线偏振雷达观测数据进行对比，结果表明：回波强度误差在合理范围内，精细测量、警戒搜索、快速观测3种模式观测的强回波的水平和垂直位置、结构和系统误差均比较一致，数据可靠。Abstract: A mobile X-band phased-array meteorological radar (XPAR) is developed by State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, and Anhui Sun-create Electronics Limited Company. The XPAR scans electronically in elevation while scanning mechanically in azimuth, transmits radar wave with wide beam width (about 20° in vertical direction and 1° in horizontal direction) and receives 14 beams simultaneously. As reflectivity calibration is key technique for the active phased-array radar application in meteorological observation, the testing and calibrating method for the XPAR is investigated according to characteristics of the transmitter/receiver (T/R) the multi-beam work mode. The test and calibration focus on the antennas, T/R, purse compress and the variations of gain and beam width with the angle of the antenna beam in respect to the normal of the array face, in order to reduce the observation bias introduced by different modes. After calibration, the XPAR is used to observe 3-D structures and evolutions of convective precipitation in field experiment at Dingyuan of Anhui Province and Ganzi of Sichuang Province from May to August in 2014. The data of an S-band operational radar (SA) and a C-band polarization radar (CPOL) nearby are used to examine the observation capability of the XPAR. Results show that the antenna gain and its variation with the scanning angle, the beam direction, dynamics ranges of T/R are in conformity with the design. The transmitter and receiving characteristics for 128 T/R are similar. The calibration bias for reflectivity and radial velocity measurement are less than 0.98 dB and 0.1 m·s-1, respectively. Variations of T/R parameters in observation are watched and corrected by the correcting network. Comparing with the SA and CPOL, the bias of reflectivity in Fine Mode is less than 1 dB, the biases for Guard Mode and Quick Mode are less than 2 dB, and the velocity observed in three modes are accordant very well. The bias of reflectivity and radial velocity by XPAR are reasonable. The horizontal and vertical structures of precipitation observed by 3 radars are similar. And calibration results provide basis for quantitative measurement of the XPAR.
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图 2 XPAR归一化方向图
(a) GM模式发射波形，(b) QM模式发射波形，(c) FM模式发射波形，(d)0°仰角的接收波形，(e)-9.5°仰角的接收波形，(f)9.5°仰角的接收波形，(g)19.5°仰角的接收波形，(h)29.5°仰角的接收波形
Fig. 2 Normalized directivity diagram of XPAR
(a) emitting waveforms for GM, (b) emitting waveforms for QM, (c) emitting waveforms for FM, (d) receiving waveforms for elevation of 0°, (e) receiving waveforms for elevation of-9.5°, (f) receiving waveforms for elevation of 9.5°, (g) receiving waveforms for elevation of 19.5°, (h) receiving waveforms for elevation of 29.5°
图 4 数字T/R组件动态特性曲线
(a) 抽查的5个单T/R组件动态曲线，(b) 系统动态曲线
Fig. 4 Dynamic characteristic curve of digital T/R component for single T/R (a), for total system (b)
图 5 2014年5月24日11:24—11:32安徽定远XPAR精细测量、快速观测、警戒搜索模式与CPOL及安徽合肥SA雷达观测的回波强度的PPI结构对比及2014年7月10日18:45—18:54四川甘孜XPAR精细测量、快速观测、警戒搜索模式观测的回波强度PPI的对比
(仰角：3.5°；相邻距离圈间隔为15 km)
Fig. 5 Reflectivity PPI observed by XPAR with FM, QM, GM and by CPOL at Dingyuan and SA at Hefei in Anhui Province during 1124—1132 BT on 24 May 2014 and reflectivity PPI observed by XPAR with FM, QM and GM at Ganzi in Sichuan Province during 1845-1854 BT on 10 Jul 2014
(elevation:3.5°; the distance between adjacent circles is 15 km)
图 7 2014年5月24日11:24—11:32安徽定远XPAR精细测量、快速观测、警戒搜索模式观测的径向速度的PPI结构对比及2014年7月10日18:45—18:54四川甘孜XPAR以精细测量、快速观测、警戒搜索模式径向速度观测结果的对比
（仰角：3.5 ° ；相邻距离圈间隔为15 km）
Fig. 7 Ridail velocity PPI observed by XPAR with FM, QM, GM at Dingyuan in Anhui Province during 1124-1132 BT on 24 May 2014 and the PPI observed by XPAR with FM, QM and GM during at Ganzi in Sichuan Province 1845-1854 BT on 10 Jul 2014
(elevation:3.5°; the distance between adjacent circles is 15 km)
图 8 XPAR精细测量模式及CPOL沿2.5°仰角、319°方位角的径向速度和速度谱宽廓线
Fig. 8 Variations of radical velocity and spectrum width along range direction for azimuth of 319° at elevation angle of 2.5° observed by XPAR with FM and CPOL
表 1 XPAR 3种模式扫描参数
Table 1 Parameters of XPAR for three work modes
雷达参数 精细测量 警戒搜索 快速观测 扫描策略 单波束顺序扫描 发射赋形波束14路接收 发射展宽波束4路接收 发射波束宽度 (法向)/(°) 0.61 20 4 接收波束宽度 (法向)/(°) 0.88 0.88 0.88 发射波束增益 (法向)/dB ≥46 15~36 ≥37 接收波束增益 (法向)/dB ≥44.4 ≥44.4 ≥44.4 发射波位分布 自0.5°起以1°的步进角扫描至39.5° 赋形波束覆盖0°至20° 自2°起以4°的步进角扫描至38° 接收波位分布 自0.5°起以1°的步进角
扫描至39.5°14路接收波束
分布同VCP114路接收波束分布于发射
波束±0.5°，±1.5°脉冲积累点数* 64 128 64 俯仰电扫描速度/(ms/层) 41.7 11.9 10.4 PPI用时/s 600 60 150 天线转速/((°)·s-1) 0.6 6 2.4 注：*表示该参数为2014年测试及外场试验使用值。 
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表 2 XPAR接收波束指向测试
Table 2 Test of receiving waveform of XPAR
波位/(°) 理论波束指向/(°) 实测波束指向/(°) 理论波束宽度/(°) 实测波束宽度/(°) 0 10 10 0.88 0.9 -9.5 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.9 9.5 19.5 19.5 0.9 0.9 19.5 29.5 29.5 0.94 0.9 29.5 39.5 39.5 1.01 1
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表 3 数字T/R组件测试记录
Table 3 Test record of digital T/R component
通道 脉冲宽度/μs 发射功率/W 带宽/MHZ 改善因子/dB 1 35.4 8.25 3.02 60.35 2 35.7 8.70 3.02 58.89 3 35.7 9.82 3.02 59.16 4 35.7 9.26 3.04 61.07 5 35.7 9.22 3.02 58.32 6 35.6 9.19 3.02 58.85 7 35.7 8.87 3.01 59.12 8 35.7 9.52 3.01 60.11 9 35.7 8.82 3.02 58.87 10 35.6 8.49 3.02 60.83 11 35.7 9.57 3.02 59.79 12 35.7 9.06 3.02 60.59 13 35.7 8.19 3.02 59.91 14 35.7 8.64 3.02 59.94 15 35.7 8.82 3.02 59.12 16 35.7 9.24 3.02 60.18 指标要求 33.3 ≥8 3 ≥55
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表 4 XPAR DVIP回波强度定标精度
Table 4 Calibration accuracy of reflectivity for DVIP of XPAR
注入信号/dBm 25 km 50 km 75 km 100 km 单波束/dB 多波束/dB 单波束/dB 多波束/dB 单波束/dB 多波束/dB 单波束/dB 多波束/dB -24.3 -0.26 0.09 -0.26 0.08 -0.26 0.08 -0.26 0.08 -34.3 -0.16 0.18 -0.17 0.17 -0.17 0.17 -0.17 0.28 -44.3 0.08 0.37 0.08 0.37 0.07 0.36 0.08 0.37 -54.3 0.13 0.42 0.12 0.41 0.12 0.41 0.12 0.41 -64.3 0.02 0.21 0.01 0.21 0.01 0.20 0.02 0.21 -74.3 -0.44 -0.55 -0.44 -0.55 -0.45 -0.55 -0.44 -0.55 -84.3 -0.98 0.40 -0.94 0.40 -0.95 0.40 -0.94 0.40
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