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Correcting Geopotential Height Errors of Some Mandatory Levels of Chinese Historic Radiosonde Observations
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摘要: 对中国高空探测历史资料进行静力学检查发现，1963年前900，800，80 hPa和60 hPa位势高度记录错误率异常偏高，20世纪70年代中期个别站250 hPa和70 hPa位势高度记录错误率也异常偏高。通过对中国高空观测规范历史沿革的分析和资料验证，指出受当时计算条件所限，这些等压面上的位势高度是在其他规定等压面的位势高度查表计算完成后，利用时间高度曲线通过人工插值估算获得，主观因素影响较大，易产生较大误差，因而错误率异常偏高。该文提出依据静力学原理重新计算这些等压面位势高度记录的订正方案，并进行效果检验。结果表明：该方案能够比较精确地还原台站观测时对位势高度的正确计算，错误资料订正后，相关高度静力学余差序列趋向均一，订正方案合理、有效。Abstract: Radiosonde observations are crucial in weather forecast and upper-air climate research. Due to their high vertical resolution, they are also important for calibration and validation of satellite temperature and water vapor retrievals. Quality control of Chinese radiosonde observations of 1951-2012 is conducted with hydrostatic check, and the result reveals that ratios of erroneous geopotential height (GPH) of 900 hPa, 800 hPa, 80 hPa and 60 hPa before 1963 are 2%-11%, which are much higher than other levels. The ratios of erroneous GPH of 250 hPa and 70 hPa in mid of the 1970s of a few stations in Yunnan Province are also much higher than other levels. Changes with observation code and practice in Chinese radiosonde observations are thoroughly investigated. Then the possible cause of the phenomenon is analyzed and validated with observations.The height of each pressure level in sounding is calculated by accumulating the thickness of layers between each pressure levels below on the base of station elevation. And the thickness is determined by hydrostatic equation automatically nowadays, but due to the limitation of calculation capacity before the 1980s, they are available in ready-made GPH-table. However, 900 hPa, 800 hPa, 80 hPa and 60 hPa are not included in the GPH-table possibly because they are not directly used in weather charts then. So GPHs of levels in question are obtained through interpolation on time-GPH chart after GPH of other levels are available on the chart through looking up the GPH-table. This practice makes GPH of levels in question vulnerable to human mistakes, thus many records contain errors. The explanation to the cause of the problem is validated with observations.Furthermore, the method to correct the erroneous GPH record is proposed, which is to recalculate it based on hydrostatic equation with correct observations of other levels from the same sounding. The correcting method is validated since the originally correct GPH records are reproduced accurately. For 900 hPa and 800 hPa of Ganzhou Station, differences between reproduced GPHs and original ones are less than 5 gpm, and about 50% of reproduced GPHs are exactly the same as original ones. Differences for 250 hPa of Kunming Station are all less than 5 gpm either, but differences are slightly larger for 70 hPa, possibly because the layer between 70-100 hPa is as large as 2300 gpm approximately, and significant levels are not enough to reveal all the details of temperature profile. Besides, the correcting method is validated from another aspect, since after the erroneous GPH are corrected, the relevant hydrostatic residue series become consistent.
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Key words:
- radiosonde observations;
- geopotential height;
- correction
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图 1 1951—2012年中国探空资料规定等压面
Fig. 1 Annual erroneous ratio of mandatory-level geopotential heights of Chinese radiosonde observations from 1951 to 2012
图 2 1951—2012年中国探空资料规定等压面
Fig. 2 Erroneous ratio of each mandatory-level geopotential heights of Chinese radiosonde observations from 1951 to 2012
图 3 1963年12月前后江西省赣州站各相邻等压面之间气层静力学余差标准差
Fig. 3 Standard deviation of hydrostatic residue of each mandatory level at Ganzhou Station of Jiangxi before and after Dec 1963
图 4 1977年5月前后云南省昆明站各相邻等压面之间气层静力学余差标准差
Fig. 4 Standard deviation of hydrostatic residue of each mandatory level at Kunming Station of Yunnan before and after May 1977
图 5 1963年12月前后江西省赣州站900 hPa和800 hPa相关气层静力学余差变化
Fig. 5 Different range of hydrostatic residue for 900 hPa and 800 hPa at Ganzhou Station of Jiangxi before and after Dec 1963
图 6 1977年5月前后云南省昆明站250 hPa和70 hPa
Fig. 6 Different range of hydrostatic residue for 250 hPa and 70 hPa at Kunming Station of Yunnan
图 7 1963年12月前后江西省赣州站各跨层静力学余差标准差
Fig. 7 Standard deviation of hydrostatic residue at Ganzhou Station of Jiangxi before and after Dec 1963
图 8 1977年5月前后云南省昆明站各跨层静力学余差标准差
Fig. 8 Standard deviation of hydrostatic residueat at Kunming Station of Yunnan before and after May 1977
图 9 江西省赣州站计算高度与原始高度差的概率密度分布
Fig. 9 Probability density distribution of difference between calculated and original geopotential heights at Ganzhou Station of Jiangxi
图 10 云南省昆明站计算高度与原始高度差的概率密度分布
Fig. 10 Probability density distribution of difference between calculated and original geopotential heights at Kunming Station of Yunnan
图 11 江西省赣州站900 hPa和800 hPa相关气层静力学余差 (1963年12月以前为订正后位势高度)
Fig. 11 Hydrostatic residue of 900 hPa and 800 hPa at Ganzhou Station of Jiangxi (with corrected geopotential heights before Dce 1963)
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