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Observation and Comparison of Cloud-base Heights by Ground-based Millimeter-wave Cloud Radar
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摘要: 对2014年11月20日—12月31日中国气象局大气探测综合试验基地Ka波段毫米波云雷达、Vaisala CL51激光云高仪、L波段高空探测系统观测的云底高度进行对比分析。结果表明：在低能见度条件下，毫米波云雷达对云的探测能力明显优于激光云高仪，随着能见度的增加，两设备云探测能力差距在减小；毫米波云雷达与激光云高仪同时观测到有云时，二者观测的云底高度相关系数为0.92；毫米波云雷达与探空观测云底、云顶高度的相关系数分别为0.93和0.78；云雷达观测的云底高度均略低于激光云高仪和探空，云雷达观测的云顶高度略高于探空。Abstract: As cloud automatic observation achieved breakthrough progress, a long-term comparison test on different devices is needed to select the suitable cloud observation equipment for regular operation of China. A Ka-band millimeter-wave (35 GHz) cloud radar (KaCR) and a vaisala laser ceilometer (VCEIL) are installed in Meteorological Observation Center of CMA, and data are compared with L-band rawinsonde observations (LRAOBS) in Beijing Weather Observatory from 20 Nov to 31 Dec in 2014. Among these instruments, the KaCR observes the echo power value and its temporal resolution is from 1 s to 60 s, the VCEIL measures the back scattering intense data with the same temporal resolution of KaCR, and the LRAOBS works twice every day. Data acquisition ratio measured by KaCR and VCEIL under different visibility conditions are compared. A comparison test of cloud base heights and cloud top heights measured by KaCR and VCEIL is also carried out. A comparison test of cloud base height and cloud top height measured by KaCR and LRAOBS and a real example is analyzed. And the cloud base heights and cloud top heights measured by KaCR, VCEIL and LRAOBS during a precipitation process are compared too.
The result indicates that the detection ability of KaCR is better than VCEIL under low visibility condition, and their difference of detection ability reduces with the visibility increasing. The cloud base heights measured by KaCR and VCEIL are well consistent, with the correlation coefficient reaching 0.92. The correlation coefficient of cloud base height between KaCR and LRAOBS is about 0.93, and that between KaCR and LRAOBS is about 0.78. Cloud base height measured by KaCR is slightly lower than that measured by VCEIL and LRAOBS, and cloud top height measured by KaCR is slightly lower than that measured by LRAOBS. KaCR can clearly show the process of cloud formation and dissipation and the structure changes of cloud compared with VCEIL and LRAOBS, but cannot accurately identify the cloud base position when it rains. -
图 2 不同能见度条件下云雷达与云高仪的数据获取情况
Fig. 2 The data acquisition between cloud radar and ceilometer in different visibility conditions
图 3 2014年11月20日—12月31日云雷达与云高仪同时观测到有云时云底高度一致性对比
Fig. 3 Consistency comparison of cloud base height measured by cloud radar and ceilomter from 20 Nov to 31 Dec in 2014
图 4 云雷达与探空同时观测到有云时，云底高度 (a) 和云顶高度 (b) 对比
Fig. 4 The comparison of cloud base height (a) and cloud top height (b) observed by cloud radar and rawinsonde
图 5 2014年12月6日19:00—20:00和11月27日19:00—20：00云雷达与探空观测云实例对比 (a)2014年12月6日云雷达获取的云反射率因子，(b)2014年12月6日探空获取的温度和相对湿度变化，(c)2014年11月27日云雷达获取的云反射率因子，(d)2014年11月27日探空获取的温度和相对湿度变化
Fig. 5 Cloud observed by cloud radar and ceilometer from 1900 BT to 2000 BT on 27 Nov and 6 Dec in 2014 (a) the reflectivity of cloud observed by cloud radar on 6 Dec 2014, (b) the temperature and relative humidity observed by rawinsonde on 6 Dec 2014, (c) the reflectivity of cloud observed by cloud radar on 27 Nov 2014, (d) the temperature and relative humidity observed by rawinsonde on 27 Nov 2014
图 6 2014年11月28日—11月30日一次降水天气过程 (a) 云雷达观测到的反射率因子，(b) 云雷达与云高仪观测到的云底高度
Fig. 6 A precipitation weather process from 28 Nov to 30 Nov in 2014 (a) the reflectivity observed by cloud radar, (b) the cloud base height observed by cloud radar and ceilometer
表 1 云雷达与云高仪数据获取能力对比 (单位：%)
Table 1 The comparison of data acquisition capability between cloud radar and ceilometer (unit:%)
数据获取率 云雷达 云高仪 总计 91 67 多层云 81 64 能见度为[0, 1 km) 97 27 能见度为[1 km, 5 km) 86 64 能见度为[5 km, 10 km) 87 80 能见度为[10 km, +∞) 83 82 
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表 2 2014年11月20日—12月31日云雷达与云高仪观测的平均云底高度对比 (单位：m)
Table 2 The comparison of average cloud base height measured by cloud radar and ceilometer from 20 Nov to 31 Dec in 2014(unit:m)
观测分类 低云 中云 高云 云雷达观测 1546 3541 6229 云高仪观测 1920 3501 6242 云雷达观测结果1 1217 3314 5925 云高仪观测结果1 1900 3908 6410
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表 4 2014年11月28日20:00—11月30日20:00云雷达、云高仪、探空观测到的平均云底、云顶高度对比 (单位：m)
Table 4 Comparison of averaged cloud base and top height measured by cloud radar ceilometer and rawinsonde from 28 Nov to 30 Nov in 2014(unit:m)
时间 云底高度 云顶高度 云雷达 云高仪 探空 云雷达 探空 29T07:00—08:00 8155 9240 29T19:00—20:00 1020 1150 8780 8794 30T07:00—08:00 1170 1860 1659 5850 5963 30T19:00—20:00
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