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Effects of Urbanization on Temperatures over the Qinling Mountains in the Past 50 Years
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摘要: 根据1961—2012年陕西省均一化气温数据分析了秦岭南北两侧平均气温、最高气温、最低气温的年、季节变化特征，结果表明：秦岭南北两侧年平均气温、最高气温和最低气温均呈增加趋势，增加幅度南北分布不均，北麓温度增幅较南麓显著；气温季节变化存在一定差异，平均气温在春季和冬季增温显著，最高气温在春季增温显著，最低气温在冬季增温显著，秦岭南北两侧春季、秋季气温日较差变大，冬季和夏季气温日较差变小。为了进一步明确气温变化的原因，结合DMSP (defense mete-orological satellite program)/OLS (operational lines-can system) 数据将秦岭南北两侧分为5个区域，分别计算每个区域内城市化对气温变化的影响以及城市化影响的贡献率表明：秦岭北麓城市化过程较秦岭南麓快，城市化发展的差异，导致了城市化对秦岭南北两侧温度影响的不均匀性，秦岭北麓气温变化受城市化影响程度明显高于秦岭南麓，影响主要以平均气温和最低气温为主，城市化发展的差异加剧了秦岭南北两侧气温变化的非均匀性。Abstract: Based on the normalized temperature datasets of China Meteorological Administration from 1961 to 2012, inter-annual and seasonal varying characteristics of maximum, minimum and mean temperatures over the Qinling Mountains are analyzed.The result shows that average increment of annual average temperature, annual maximum and minimum temperatures in the northern regions are greater than those in southern regions of the Qinling Mountains. The seasonal variation of temperature is different, for average temperature, there is an increase in spring and winter, while the maximum temperature increases obviously in summer, and minimum temperature increases remarkably in winter. There is an obvious increase of diurnal temperature range in spring and autumn while there is a decrease in summer and winter. Mean and maximum temperatures declines remarkably while minimum temperature increasing in summer are the direct cause of summer diurnal temperature range reducing. In order to understand the factor of temperature variation, the DMSP (defense meteorological satellite program)/OLS (operational linescan system) data are used to calculate effects of urbanization and their contributions on air temperature for 5 typical zones. The increase of minimum temperature and average temperature of urban station is found remarkably higher than that of rural station, while the increase of maximum temperature is almost the same. This result shows that effects of urbanization are significant on the increasing of average temperature and minimum temperature. While the variation of maximum temperature is mainly caused by climate change itself. Urbanization development is not at the same pace, the northern part of the Qinling Mountains develops much faster than the southern part. The process of urbanization enhances the warming trend of average and minimum temperature in northern part of the Qinling Mountains, especially in spring and winter. And for the maximum temperature, the process of urbanization weakens the increasing trend in southern part but enhances the warming trend in the northern part. That means the impact of urbanization on temperature may show different characteristics at different climatic zones. The difference of the development of urbanization over the Qinling Mountains enhanced the inhomogeneity of temperature changes.
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Key words:
- the Qinling Mountains;
- temperature variation;
- urbanization;
- DMSP
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图 1 陕西省平利站均一化前后数据对比 (1998年迁站)
(a) 年平均最高气温，(b) 年平均最低气温
Fig. 1 The comparison of homogenization and measurements at Pingli Station of Shaanxi (relocated in 1998)
(a) annual mean maximum temperature, (b) annual mean minimum temperature
图 2 1961—2012年秦岭南北两侧气温年变化特征
(a) 平均气温，(b) 最高气温，(c) 最低气温
Fig. 2 The annual variation of mean air temperature (a), maximum temperature (b) and minimum temperature (c) over the Qinling Mountains from 1961 to 2012
图 3 1961—2012年秦岭南北两侧平均气温季节变化特征
Fig. 3 The variation of mean temperature over the Qinling Mountains in four seasons from 1961 to 2012
图 4 1961—2012年秦岭南北两侧最高气温季节变化特征
Fig. 4 The variation of maximum temperature over the Qinling Mountains in four seasons from 1961 to 2012
图 5 1961—2012年秦岭南北两侧最低气温季节变化特征
Fig. 5 The variation of minimum temperature over the Qinling Mountains in four seasons from 1961 to 2012
图 6 5个城市站年平均气温 (a)、最高气温 (b)、最低气温 (c) 变率的城市化影响和城市化影响贡献率
Fig. 6 Effects of urbanization on variation trends of mean temperatures (a), maximum temperatures (b) and minimum temperature (c) with the contribution of urban effects for five urban stations
表 1 代表站选取结果
Table 1 Rural stations and urban stations
区域 参考站 区域包含站点数 宝鸡 (关中) 眉县 7 西安 (关中) 蓝田 16 渭南 (关中) 华县 9 汉中 (陕南) 留坝 8 安康 (陕南) 石泉 8 
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表 2 1961—2012年秦岭地区乡村站和城市站年平均气温、最高气温、最低气温变率 (单位：℃/10 a)
Table 2 The characteristic of mean temperature, maximum temperature and minimum temperature of rural stations and urban stations over the Qinling Mountains from 1961 to 2012(unit:℃/10 a)
乡村站 最低气温 最高气温 平均气温 城市站 最低气温 最高气温 平均气温 华县 0.07 0.15 0.05 渭南 0.22 0.18 0.17 蓝田 -0.03 0.18 0.06 西安 0.21 0.20 0.19 眉县 0.11 0.16 0.07 宝鸡 0.27 0.20 0.19 留坝 0.07 0.22 0.06 汉中 0.17 0.18 0.11 石泉 0.13 0.13 0.05 安康 0.11 0.12 0.05
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表 3 5个城市站四季平均气温、最高气温、最低气温变化趋势的城市化影响和城市化影响贡献率
Table 3 Effects of urbanization on seasonal variation trends of mean temperature, maximum temperature and minimum temperature with the contribution of urban effect for five urban stations
季节 气温 变量 秦岭北麓 秦岭南麓 宝鸡 渭南 西安 平均值 汉中 安康 平均值 春季 平均 ΔTUR/(℃/10 a) 0.05 0.17 0.18 0.15 0.15 0.02 0.085 E/% 17 51 54 46 85 17 51 最高 ΔTUR/(℃/10 a) -0.04 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.06 0 0.03 E/% -8 2.09 9 8 16 1 9 最低 ΔTUR/(℃/10 a) 0.05 0.29 0.37 0.24 0.22 0.04 0.13 E/% 17 95 100 71 100 43 72 夏季 平均 ΔTUR/(℃/10 a) 0.2 0.05 0.03 0.09 0.02 -0.02 0 E/% 100 62 65 76 100 -14 43 最高 ΔTUR/(℃/10 a) 0.16 0.03 -0.02 0.06 -0.07 0.03 -0.02 E/% 100 24 -32 31 -100 21 -39 最低 ΔTUR/(℃/10 a) 0.25 0.05 0.18 0.16 0.03 -0.02 0.005 E/% 100 56 100 85 32 -100 -34 秋季 平均 ΔTUR/(℃/10 a) 0.15 0.11 0.09 0.12 0.01 0.02 0.02 E/% 80 66 54 67 8 13 11 最高 ΔTUR/(℃/10 a) 0.06 0.07 0.02 0.05 0.02 -0.08 -0.03 E/% 21 29 10 20 12 -48 -18 最低 ΔTUR/(℃/10 a) 0.18 0.11 0.18 0.16 0 0.11 0.06 E/% 85 64 100 83 -1 59 29 冬季 平均 ΔTUR/(℃/10 a) 0.12 0.22 0.18 0.17 -0.03 0 -0.02 E/% 40 71 59 57 -19 -2 -11 最高 ΔTUR/(℃/10 a) 0 0.08 0.03 0.04 -0.07 -0.06 -0.07 E/% 0 37 14 17 -82 -48 -65 最低 ΔTUR/(℃/10 a) 0.13 0.26 0.3 0.23 -0.07 0.07 0 E/% 35 77 93 68 -30 26 -2
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