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Rainfall Intensity and Raindrop Spectrum for Different Parts in Landing Typhoon Matmo
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摘要: 利用架设在福建省尤溪站和屏南站的两台PARSIVEL第2代激光雨滴谱仪对2014年7月23—25日影响福建省的台风麦德姆 (1410) 进行观测，尤溪站位于移动路径中轴，屏南站位于台风强降水的区域即右侧云系，观测显示了台风不同部位雨滴谱特征：台风麦德姆在外围右前侧和后侧以及残留云系出现强降水，台风中心为连续性降水，雨强变化平稳；台风右侧云系雨滴平均谱谱宽由宽变窄，小滴数浓度先增后减，大滴逐渐减少，移动路径中轴后侧的残留云系出现大滴数浓度和谱宽的突增；含水量与雨强变化一致, 雨强小于10 mm·h-1时，以大量的小粒子贡献为主，形状因子μ及斜率参数λ分布较广；雨强大于10 mm·h-1时，大滴的贡献随雨强增大而增大，μ及λ均减小；同时，可利用μ与λ线性函数关系对Gamma分布进行简化。Abstract: During typhoon Matmo passage over Fujian from 23 Jul to 25 Jul in 2014, it passes through two disdrometer sites: Pingnan and Youxi. Pingnan site locates in eastern Fujian that represents the heavy rain region of typhoon Matmo, and Youxi site represents the middle path region of typhoon Matmo moving. Thus, microphysical characteristics of raindrop size distribution in different parts of typhoon Matmo are studied through the PARSIVEL2 disdrometer measurements at these two sites. The evolution of raindrop size distribution parameters reveals different segments of the storm, that the fluctuation of rainfall intensity in the right part is stronger than those in the middle. Heavy rainfalls happen in right front side, rear side of outer rainband and residual cloud. There is showery in the outer rainband in which rainfall intensity fluctuate frequently. Approaching to the central region of typhoon Matmo, the precipitation becomes more continuous and rainfall intensity changes more smoothly. In the right side rainband, the spectral width of raindrop size distribution changes from wide to narrow, the concentration of small rain drops increases at first and then decreases, and concentration of large rain drops decreases gradually. In the middle path of typhoon Matmo, the concentration of small rain drops increases first and then decreases, but spectral width of raindrop size distribution and concentration of large rain drops suddenly rise for difference. The evaluation of raindrop concentration and liquate water has some certain relations to the changed rainfall intensity, but degrees of their changes are not in tune. When rainfall intensity is less than 10 mm·h-1, a large number of small droplets contribute to the precipitation. The contribution to rainfall intensity by large number of small raindrops is higher in the right side rainband than in the middle moving path. In the central region of typhoon Matmo, the contribution by high concentration of small raindrops to the rainfall intensity is higher than in front side and rear side rainband. On the contrary, when rainfall intensity is higher than 10 mm·h-1, the heavy rainfall in front outer rainband and residual cloud are the direct appearances by concentration growing of large droplets. The precipitation at Pingnan is more unstable than that at Youxi, so more fiercely collision broken processes lead to raindrop concentration repeating with droplets growing in right part of typhoon Matmo. Parameters of μ and λ meet the linear function both at 2 sites. Linear fit functions can be used to reduce Gamma distribution function, getting good results. The μ and λ have wide distributions in the region less than 10 mm·h-1. However, when rainfall intensity is more than 10 mm·h-1, parameters of μ and λ decrease with rainfall intensity increasing, and vary with rainfall intensity related to the region and precipitation types.
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Key words:
- raindrop size distribution;
- rainfall intensity;
- typhoon Matmo;
- PARSIVEL
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图 1 台风麦德姆移动路径及FY-2D卫星红外通道图像
(圆圈为台风中心)
Fig. 1 The moving path and FY-2D satellite infrared data of Typhoon Matmo
(the circle denotes the center of Matmo)
图 2 MODIS反演云水路径分布
(a)2014年7月23日10:30, (b)2014年7月23日13:30, (c)2014年7月24日10:30, (d)2014年7月24日13:30
Fig. 2 Cloud water path of MODIS
(a)1030 BT 23 Jul 2014, (b)1330 BT 23 Jul 2014, (c)1030 BT 24 Jul 2014, (d)1330 BT 24 Jul 2014
图 3 2014年7月台风麦德姆影响期间降水参数演变
(a) 尤溪站雨滴总数浓度和雨强, (b) 尤溪站体积中值直径和液态水含量, (c) 屏南站雨滴总数浓度和雨强, (d) 屏南站体积中值直径和液态水含量
Fig. 3 Changes of precipitation parameters during typhoon Matmo in Jul 2014
(a) raindrop concentration and rainfall intensity at Youxi, (b) volume medium diameter and liquate water content at Youxi, (c) raindrop concentration and rainfall intensity at Pingnan, (d) volume medium diameter and liquate water content at Pingnan
图 5 不同雨强 (单位：mm·h-1) 雨滴总数浓度与体积中值直径分布
(a) 尤溪第1阶段, (b) 屏南第1阶段, (c) 尤溪第2阶段, (d) 屏南第2阶段, (e) 尤溪第3阶段, (f) 屏南第3阶段
Fig. 5 Raindrop concentration and volume medium diameter under different rainfall intensity (unit:mm·h-1)
(a) stage Ⅰ at Youxi, (b) stage Ⅰ at Pingnan, (c) stage Ⅱ at Youxi, (d) stage Ⅱ at Pingnan, (e) stage Ⅲ at Youxi, (f) stage Ⅲ at Pingnan
图 6 不同雨强 (单位：mm·h-1) Gamma函数参数分布
(a) 尤溪站, (b) 屏南站
Fig. 6 Gamma parameter distribution under different rainfall intensity (unit:mm·h-1)
(a) Youxi, (b) Pingnan
图 7 平均谱及Gamma函数拟合
(a) 尤溪站, (b) 屏南站
Fig. 7 Average spectrum and Gamma fit results
(a) Youxi, (b) Pingnan
表 1 Gamma函数及简化函数拟合结果
Table 1 Fit results of Gamma and reduced Gamma distribution
站点 拟合公式 N0 μ λ r2 尤溪 N(D)=N0Dμexp (-λD) 4.48×106 5.72 9.81 0.96 N(D)=N0Dμexp (-λD)，λ=-1.255μ+1.237 1.24×105 3.68 0.88 N(D)=N0Dμexp (-λD)，λ=-1.36μ+1.409 8.75×105 4.82 0.94 屏南 N(D)=N0Dμexp (-λD) 5.78×106 5.40 9.74 0.98 N(D)=N0Dμexp (-λD)，λ=-1.255μ+1.237 6.90×104 2.87 0.89 N(D)=N0Dμexp (-λD)，λ=-1.36μ+1.409 4.32×105 3.96 0.95 
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