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Comparison and Analysis of Automatically-observed and Manually-observed Relative Humidity
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摘要: 为了确定现有相对湿度自动观测与人工观测数据是否具有可比较性以及它们之间的偏差情况，利用全国保留人工观测的8个国家基准气候站2007—2013年的自动与人工观测相对湿度的整点资料进行比对分析，结果表明：自动气象站相对湿度的观测结果系统性低于人工观测结果，且随着相对湿度增加，两者系统偏差增大，系统偏差为-5.69%~-0.1%，标准偏差为2.02%~4.71%；夏季自动观测与人工观测相对湿度的差异最大且与环境风速有关，在低风速下自动观测与人工观测差异较大，随着风速增大，差异逐渐减小；气温对相对湿度观测也有一定影响；两类观测逐小时数据未见明显的时间差异；自动观测与人工观测相对湿度偏差，清晨相对湿度较高时高湿地区台站偏差较大，下午相对湿度低时偏差较小。Abstract: In 2012, the artificial meteorological observation is replaced by auto weather station in China. More than 2300 surface weather stations begin to use automatic weather observation system, and only 8 national reference climatological stations retain long-term manual observation. Great changes have taken place in observational rules and methods of automatic weather stations comparing with manual observations. Inhomogeneity of data series may be caused by many causes and the change of observational instrument is an important one, and therefore comprehensive comparisons are demanded to gain understanding of their differences.In order to determine the comparability of automatically-observed and manually-observed relative humidity and find out differences between them, the integral point observations from 2007 to 2013 of 8 national reference climatological stations which retain long-term manual observation are analyzed. Analysis results show that the average relative humidity observed by automatic way is from-5.69% to-0.1% lower than that by manual way, and the standard deviation is 2.02%-4.71%. As the humidity rises, the system error of the two increases. Differences between automatically-observed and manually-observed relative humidity are most significant in summer, and related to the wind speed. The difference is obvious under low speed conditions and it decreases gradually as the wind speed increases. The observation of relative humidity is also influenced by the ambient temperature. There is no significant time difference between two types of the hourly observation. The daily variation of differences between automatically-observed and manually-observed relative humidity have a rising trend in the early morning when the relative humidity is higher, especially in the high humid area, and have a dropping trend in the afternoon when the relative humidity is low.The relative humidity data of 8 national reference climatological stations observed by inner screen psychrometer and the hair hygrometer which have some deviations between them, and there are some deficiencies in the measurement performance of humicap too. Besides, the background information of the instruments are not fully known. For all of these, the conclusion has some limitations, although some problems can be explained. It is recommended that the maintenance and calibration of humicap should be carried out regularly, and the performance of the humicap at low temperature should be further tested.
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图 1 长期保留人工观测的8个国家基准气候站分布
Fig. 1 Distribution of eight national reference climatological stations which retained long-term manual observation
图 2 2007年1月1日—2013年12月31日自动观测与人工观测相对湿度差值序列
Fig. 2 The difference between automatically-observed and manually-observed relative humidity from 1 Jan 2007 to 31 Dec 2013
图 5 不同气温条件下两种观测相对湿度差值
Fig. 5 Difference of the relative humidity measured by two observation instruments under different temperatures
图 6 不同气温下两种观测测得的相对湿度差值的系统偏差
Fig. 6 Difference of the relative humidity measured by two observation instruments under different temperatures
表 1 高低湿比对差值统计结果
Table 1 Statistic results of the difference between high and low humidity
台站 UM≤80% UM>80% 总计 样本量 系统
偏差/%标准
偏差/%样本量 系统
偏差/%标准
偏差/%样本量 系统
偏差/%标准
偏差/%贵阳 (时段1) 12001 -5.04* 2.11 14989 -5.05* 2.49 26990 -5.05* 2.33 贵阳 (时段2) 7198 -0.32 2.45 9966 -1.62* 1.96 17164 -1.07* 2.28 电白 (时段1) 15208 -2.07* 2.24 22411 -1.6* 1.82 37619 -1.79* 2.02 电白 (时段2) 3257 -1.06* 3.02 5090 -1.75* 3.42 8347 -1.48* 3.29 寿县 21949 -4.01* 2.94 20756 -4.33* 2.73 42705 -4.17* 2.84 长春 21599 -1.93* 2.93 7545 -3.27* 1.85 29144 -2.28* 2.75 张北 21995 -0.26 3.02 6345 -0.59* 2.29 28340 -0.34 2.87 银川 30975 -1.88* 3.78 4119 -0.57* 2.54 35094 -1.72* 3.68 阿勒泰 25458 -5.68* 3.89 3429 -5.76* 2.93 28887 -5.69* 3.79 格尔木 27559 -3.97* 3.76 426 -3.4* 2.58 27985 -3.96* 3.74 注：*表示达到0.05显著性水平。 
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表 2 高、低湿比对差值统计结果 (t < 0℃)
Table 2 Statistical results of the difference between high and low humidity (t < 0℃)
站名 UM≤80% UM>80% 总计 样本量 系统
偏差/%标准
偏差/%样本量 系统
偏差/%标准
偏差/%样本量 系统
偏差/%标准
偏差/%寿县 1741 -2.57* 3.05 1303 -4.19* 2.31 3044 -3.27* 2.87 贵阳 323 -3.45* 2.76 2069 -3.42* 2.61 2392 -3.42* 2.63 长春 13951 -1.65* 3.61 3380 -3.15* 3.29 17331 -1.94* 3.6 张北 15865 -0.75* 4.23 2948 -1.95* 3.89 18813 -0.94* 4.2 格尔木 12930 -2.28* 3.93 130 -1.06* 3.32 13060 -2.26* 3.93 银川 10300 -0.08 3.63 1758 -0.24 3.08 12058 -0.1 3.56 阿勒泰 10274 -5.46* 5.14 7571 -4.64* 4.01 17845 -5.11* 4.71 注：*表示通过0.05显著性水平。
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