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A Review of Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer on Meteorological Satellite
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摘要: 该文回顾了环境气象卫星可见光红外光学成像遥感仪器50多年的发展历程，从不同时期在轨运行的近百台 (套) 仪器中选择了12种作为代表，结合仪器功能性能技术指标和应用需求梳理分析了其历史发展脉络和主流业务发展趋势，并初步探讨了创新发展方向。50多年的发展可以分为3个阶段：早期探索20年, 美国第1代探索性仪器，开创了气象卫星对地观测的先河；初步应用20年, 基本形成初步应用格局，欧洲、中国等开始发展自己的环境气象卫星光学成像遥感仪器；稳定应用和进步发展10多年。新一代极轨卫星可见光红外光学成像遥感仪器，其典型特征是光谱波段20个以上，谱段带宽窄，光谱范围全面覆盖0.4~15 μm，辐射测量精度高，空间分辨率为200~1000 m，其改进型仪器代表了未来极轨气象卫星主流业务发展趋势。静止气象卫星可见光红外光学成像遥感仪器未来主流业务发展方向的典型特点是光谱波段15个以上，谱段带宽较窄，光谱范围全面覆盖0.4 ~15 μm，辐射测量精度高，空间分辨率为500~2000 m，圆盘图成像速度可达到分钟级，区域扫描速度更快。Abstract: The development of visible infrared imaging radiometer that payload on environmental and meteorological satellites for 50 years are reviewed. 12 kinds of instruments are selected as typical representatives from nearly 100 sets of instruments run in orbit at different period. An analysis is done combined instrument functional performance specifications with application requirement. The analysis can be done from the basic strands of historical development, trend of main operational in the future and the direction of innovation and development. The development process can be divided into three stages. The first stage is the early exploration period. It is the first generation of remote sensing instrument on meteorological satellite that createds a precedent for earth observation. The second stage is the initial application period, it basically forms a stable preliminary application situation for three decades. At the same time, Europe and China begin to develop their own environmental meteorological optical remote sensing instruments. The third one is development and stable application stage. It appears a new generation visible infrared optical imaging radiometer. These instruments have some common characteristics, such as more than 20 spectrum channels with narrow bandwidth spectrum. The spectral range covers 0.4-15 μm and radiometricis accuracy. Their spatial resolution is between 200 and 1000 meters in general. Advanced instruments represent trends of visible infrared imaging radiometeron polar orbit meteorological satellite in the future. The visible infrared optical imaging radiometers on geostationary orbit meteorological satellite are characterized by about 15 typical spectral channels with narrow spectral bandwidth and the coverage of spectral range from 0.4 μm to 15 μm. The radiometric is also very high. The spatial resolution is between 500 and 2000 meters. The disk image forming speed can reach minute level and the regional area scanning can be faster.
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表 1 AVHRR/3光谱和辐射特性
Table 1 The spectral and radiometric characterization of AVHRR/3
中心波长/μm 光谱区间/μm SNR/NEdT 0.630 0.580~0.68 9 @ 0.5%反照率 0.862 0.725~1.00 9 @ 0.5%反照率 1.610 1.58~1.64 20 @ 0.5%反照率 3.740 3.55~3.93 0.12 K @ 300 K 10.80 10.3~11.3 0.12 K @ 300 K 12.00 11.5~12.5 0.12 K @ 300 K 
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表 2 IMAGER光谱和辐射特性
Table 2 The spectral and radiometric characterization of IMAGER
中心波长/μm 光谱区间/μm SNR/NEdT 0.65 0.55~0.75 250 @ 100%反照率 3.90 3.80~4.00 0.11 K @ 300 K 6.55 5.80~7.30 0.14 K @ 300 K 10.70 10.2~11.2 0.09 K @ 300 K 13.35 13.0~13.7 0.70 K @ 300 K
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表 3 MODIS光谱和辐射特性[56]
Table 3 The spectral and radiometric characterization of MODIS (from reference [56])
主要用途 波段 波段范围* 光谱辐射/
(W·m-2·sr-1·μm-1)SNR/NEdT/K 陆地/云/边界层气溶胶 1 620~670 21.8 128 2 841~876 24.7 201 陆地/云/气溶胶特性 3 459~479 35.3 243 4 545~565 29.0 228 5 1230~1250 5.4 74 6 1628~1652 7.3 275 7 2105~2155 1.0 110 海洋水色/浮游生物/
生物地球化学8 405~420 44.9 880 9 438~448 41.9 838 10 483~493 32.1 802 11 526~536 27.9 754 12 546~556 21.0 750 13 662~672 9.5 910 14 673~683 8.7 1087 15 743~753 10.2 586 16 862~877 6.2 516 大气水汽 17 890~920 10.0 167 18 931~941 3.6 57 19 915~965 15.0 250 地表/云温度 20 3.660~3.840 0.45(300 K) 0.05 21 3.929~3.989 2.38(335 K) 2.00 22 3.929~3.989 0.67(300 K) 0.07 23 4.020~4.080 0.79(300 K) 0.07 大气温度 24 4.433~4.498 0.17(250 K) 0.25 25 4.482~4.549 0.59(275 K) 0.25 卷云水汽 26 1.360~1.390 6.00 150(SNR) 27 6.535~6.895 1.16(240 K) 0.25 28 7.175~7.475 2.18(250 K) 0.25 云特征 29 8.400~8.700 9.58(300 K) 0.05 臭氧 30 9.580~9.880 3.69(250 K) 0.25 地表/云温度 31 10.780~11.280 9.55(300 K) 0.05 32 11.770~12.270 8.94(300 K) 0.05 云顶高度 33 13.185~13.485 4.52(260 K) 0.25 34 13.485~13.785 3.76(250 K) 0.25 35 13.785~14.085 3.11(240 K) 0.25 36 14.085~14.385 2.08(220 K) 0.35 注：*波段1~19光谱单位：nm; 波段20~36光谱单位：μm。
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3MI 中心波
长/μm光谱带
宽/nmSNR@xx.x/
(W·m-2·sr-1·μm-1)极化 主要用途 可见光近红外谱段 0.410 20 100 @ 35.4 Y 吸收气溶胶，火山灰云 0.443 20 100 @ 48.9 Y 吸收气溶胶 0.490 20 100 @ 55.6 Y 气溶胶，地表反照率，云反射率，光学厚度 0.555 20 100 @ 55.2 Y 地表反照率 0.670 20 100 @ 44.1 Y 气溶胶光学特性 0.754 20 200 @ 36.6 N 云，气溶胶高度 0.763 10 200 @ 36.1 N 云，气溶胶高度 0.865 40 100 @ 28.2 Y 植被，气溶胶，云，地表特征 0.910 20 200 @ 25.2 N 水汽，大气校正 短波红外谱段 0.910 20 200 @ 25.2 N 水汽，大气校正 1.370 40 100 @ 10.7 Y 卷云，水汽图像 1.650 40 100 @ 6.8 Y 气溶胶反演中的地表特性 2.130 40 100 @ 2.9 Y 气溶胶反演中的地表特性，云微物理
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