气象卫星可见光红外光学成像仪发展沿革

杨忠东; 刘健

doi:10.11898/1001-7313.20160508

气象卫星可见光红外光学成像仪发展沿革

DOI: 10.11898/1001-7313.20160508

杨忠东^,,
刘健

国家卫星气象中心, 北京 100081

详细信息

通信作者:
杨忠东, email: yangzd@cma.gov.cn

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2016-06-27
- 修回日期: 2016-07-15
- 刊出日期: 2016-09-30

A Review of Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer on Meteorological Satellite

Yang Zhongdong^,,
Liu Jian

National Satellite Meteorological Center, Beijing 100081

摘要

摘要: 该文回顾了环境气象卫星可见光红外光学成像遥感仪器50多年的发展历程，从不同时期在轨运行的近百台 (套) 仪器中选择了12种作为代表，结合仪器功能性能技术指标和应用需求梳理分析了其历史发展脉络和主流业务发展趋势，并初步探讨了创新发展方向。50多年的发展可以分为3个阶段：早期探索20年, 美国第1代探索性仪器，开创了气象卫星对地观测的先河；初步应用20年, 基本形成初步应用格局，欧洲、中国等开始发展自己的环境气象卫星光学成像遥感仪器；稳定应用和进步发展10多年。新一代极轨卫星可见光红外光学成像遥感仪器，其典型特征是光谱波段20个以上，谱段带宽窄，光谱范围全面覆盖0.4~15 μm，辐射测量精度高，空间分辨率为200~1000 m，其改进型仪器代表了未来极轨气象卫星主流业务发展趋势。静止气象卫星可见光红外光学成像遥感仪器未来主流业务发展方向的典型特点是光谱波段15个以上，谱段带宽较窄，光谱范围全面覆盖0.4 ~15 μm，辐射测量精度高，空间分辨率为500~2000 m，圆盘图成像速度可达到分钟级，区域扫描速度更快。
- 气象卫星;
- 可见光红外成像仪;
- 发展
Abstract: The development of visible infrared imaging radiometer that payload on environmental and meteorological satellites for 50 years are reviewed. 12 kinds of instruments are selected as typical representatives from nearly 100 sets of instruments run in orbit at different period. An analysis is done combined instrument functional performance specifications with application requirement. The analysis can be done from the basic strands of historical development, trend of main operational in the future and the direction of innovation and development. The development process can be divided into three stages. The first stage is the early exploration period. It is the first generation of remote sensing instrument on meteorological satellite that createds a precedent for earth observation. The second stage is the initial application period, it basically forms a stable preliminary application situation for three decades. At the same time, Europe and China begin to develop their own environmental meteorological optical remote sensing instruments. The third one is development and stable application stage. It appears a new generation visible infrared optical imaging radiometer. These instruments have some common characteristics, such as more than 20 spectrum channels with narrow bandwidth spectrum. The spectral range covers 0.4-15 μm and radiometricis accuracy. Their spatial resolution is between 200 and 1000 meters in general. Advanced instruments represent trends of visible infrared imaging radiometeron polar orbit meteorological satellite in the future. The visible infrared optical imaging radiometers on geostationary orbit meteorological satellite are characterized by about 15 typical spectral channels with narrow spectral bandwidth and the coverage of spectral range from 0.4 μm to 15 μm. The radiometric is also very high. The spatial resolution is between 500 and 2000 meters. The disk image forming speed can reach minute level and the regional area scanning can be faster.
- meteorological satellite;
- visible infrared imaging radiometer;
- development

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表 1 AVHRR/3光谱和辐射特性

Table 1 The spectral and radiometric characterization of AVHRR/3

中心波长/μm	光谱区间/μm	SNR/NEdT
0.630	0.580~0.68	9 @ 0.5%反照率
0.862	0.725~1.00	9 @ 0.5%反照率
1.610	1.58~1.64	20 @ 0.5%反照率
3.740	3.55~3.93	0.12 K @ 300 K
10.80	10.3~11.3	0.12 K @ 300 K
12.00	11.5~12.5	0.12 K @ 300 K

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表 2 IMAGER光谱和辐射特性

Table 2 The spectral and radiometric characterization of IMAGER

中心波长/μm	光谱区间/μm	SNR/NEdT
0.65	0.55~0.75	250 @ 100%反照率
3.90	3.80~4.00	0.11 K @ 300 K
6.55	5.80~7.30	0.14 K @ 300 K
10.70	10.2~11.2	0.09 K @ 300 K
13.35	13.0~13.7	0.70 K @ 300 K

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表 3 MODIS光谱和辐射特性^[56]

Table 3 The spectral and radiometric characterization of MODIS (from reference [56])

主要用途	波段	波段范围^*	光谱辐射/ (W·m^-2·sr^-1·μm^-1)	SNR/NEdT/K
陆地/云/边界层气溶胶	1	620~670	21.8	128
陆地/云/边界层气溶胶	2	841~876	24.7	201
陆地/云/气溶胶特性	3	459~479	35.3	243
	4	545~565	29.0	228
	5	1230~1250	5.4	74
	6	1628~1652	7.3	275
	7	2105~2155	1.0	110
海洋水色/浮游生物/ 生物地球化学	8	405~420	44.9	880
	9	438~448	41.9	838
	10	483~493	32.1	802
	11	526~536	27.9	754
	12	546~556	21.0	750
	13	662~672	9.5	910
	14	673~683	8.7	1087
	15	743~753	10.2	586
	16	862~877	6.2	516
大气水汽	17	890~920	10.0	167
	18	931~941	3.6	57
	19	915~965	15.0	250
地表/云温度	20	3.660~3.840	0.45(300 K)	0.05
	21	3.929~3.989	2.38(335 K)	2.00
	22	3.929~3.989	0.67(300 K)	0.07
	23	4.020~4.080	0.79(300 K)	0.07
大气温度	24	4.433~4.498	0.17(250 K)	0.25
大气温度	25	4.482~4.549	0.59(275 K)	0.25
卷云水汽	26	1.360~1.390	6.00	150(SNR)
	27	6.535~6.895	1.16(240 K)	0.25
	28	7.175~7.475	2.18(250 K)	0.25
云特征	29	8.400~8.700	9.58(300 K)	0.05
臭氧	30	9.580~9.880	3.69(250 K)	0.25
地表/云温度	31	10.780~11.280	9.55(300 K)	0.05
地表/云温度	32	11.770~12.270	8.94(300 K)	0.05
云顶高度	33	13.185~13.485	4.52(260 K)	0.25
	34	13.485~13.785	3.76(250 K)	0.25
	35	13.785~14.085	3.11(240 K)	0.25
	36	14.085~14.385	2.08(220 K)	0.35
注：*波段1~19光谱单位：nm; 波段20~36光谱单位：μm。

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表 4 3MI主要特性和用途^[64]

Table 4 The main characterizations and usages of 3MI (from reference [64])

3MI	中心波长/μm	光谱带宽/nm	SNR@xx.x/ (W·m^-2·sr^-1·μm^-1)	极化	主要用途
可见光近红外谱段	0.410	20	100 @ 35.4	Y	吸收气溶胶，火山灰云
	0.443	20	100 @ 48.9	Y	吸收气溶胶
	0.490	20	100 @ 55.6	Y	气溶胶，地表反照率，云反射率，光学厚度
	0.555	20	100 @ 55.2	Y	地表反照率
	0.670	20	100 @ 44.1	Y	气溶胶光学特性
	0.754	20	200 @ 36.6	N	云，气溶胶高度
	0.763	10	200 @ 36.1	N	云，气溶胶高度
	0.865	40	100 @ 28.2	Y	植被，气溶胶，云，地表特征
	0.910	20	200 @ 25.2	N	水汽，大气校正
短波红外谱段	0.910	20	200 @ 25.2	N	水汽，大气校正
	1.370	40	100 @ 10.7	Y	卷云，水汽图像
	1.650	40	100 @ 6.8	Y	气溶胶反演中的地表特性
	2.130	40	100 @ 2.9	Y	气溶胶反演中的地表特性，云微物理

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