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Variation Characteristics of Soil Temperature & Moisture and Air Parameters in the Source Region of the Yellow River
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摘要: 利用中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院玛曲土壤温湿观测网2008-2009年、2013-2014年数据验证了3套再分析资料ERA-Interim，CFSR（Climate Forecast System Reanalysis）和JRA-55（Japanese 55-year Reanalysis）在黄河源区的适用性，结合中国气象数据网玛曲气象站1980-2014年观测资料与CLM4.5（Community Land Model 4.5）进一步分析了黄河源区近35年气候变迁、土壤温湿分布和变化，结果表明：CFSR能够较好地描绘黄河源区土壤湿度变化，ERA-Interim对于土壤温度刻画能力更强，JRA-55效果较差；35年来气温、土壤温湿总体呈上升趋势且发生突变；近年来10 cm土壤温湿有暖干化趋势，降水量稍有增加，土壤冷季冻结周期变短，暖季持续时间拉长；CLM4.5模拟精度高，能够较好地刻画源区土壤温湿变化细节，两湖及黄河周边暖季为冷湿中心，冷季为暖干中心。Abstract: The source region of the Yellow River (SRYR) located in the northeast of the Tibetan Plateau, is the crucial water conservation area. Soil temperature & moisture variations and associated climate effects have important implications to the change of runoff. Three kinds of frequently used reanalysis datasets, ERA-Interim, CFSR, and JRA-55 are tested using field observations of Maqu Soil Temperature & Moisture Network so as to find the optimal one for SRYR. Combining with observations of Maqu Station, the climate changes in recent 35 years and the temporal variation of soil moisture & temperature are analyzed. In addition, their spatial variations are depicted by reanalysis datasets and CLM4.5(Community Land Model 4.5). Main results are as follows.CFSR is the best dataset to depict the soil moisture variation, and ERA-Interim is better on soil temperature, while JRA-55 is unsuited. Soil temperature has an indication to the climate change, but its response is less significant than air temperature. Soil moisture has an increasing trend, because freezing time becomes shorter and melting time is extending. Air temperature, soil temperature & moisture, except for precipitation, have abruptions in the last 35 years. Air temperature starts to abrupt during 1997-2000, after that it shows significant upward trend. Precipitation decreases from 1987 to 2004 and increases after 2005. Abrupt change of soil temperature takes place during 1985-1986, and beyond the belief line after 1994 with prominent rising. It means soil temperature is more sensitive than air temperature to climate warming. Soil moisture has an upward abruption in 2002. Soil temperature & moisture in 10 cm depth become warm and dry in recent years. Lakes and the Yellow River are the cold and wet centers in warm season, and turn warm and dry in cold season. CLM4.5 has high simulation accuracy, and is capable of describing detailed changes of soil in SRYR. All in all, it is better than reanalysis dataset in simulating the spatial variation of soil temperature & moisture, but still has a long way comparing with observations.
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Key words:
- SRYR;
- soil temperature;
- soil moisture;
- abrupt change of climate;
- CLM4.5
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图 1 2008年7月-2009年6月黄河源区土壤温湿变化(a)土壤湿度，(b)土壤温度
Fig. 1 The variation of soil temperature & moisture from Jul 2008 to Jun 2009 in the source region of the Yellow River (SRYR) (a) variation of soil moisture, (b) variation of soil temperature
图 2 1980年-2014年黄河源区玛曲站气温、降水和土壤温湿的年际变化和趋势(a)气温，(b)降水量，(c)土壤温度，(d)土壤湿度
Fig. 2 The interannual variation and tendency of air temperature, precipitation, soil temperature & moisture during 1980-2014 in Maqu Station of SRYR (a) air temperature, (b) precipitation, (c) soil temperature, (d) soil moisture
图 3 近35年黄河源区气温、降水和土壤温湿的M-K检验、滑动T检验曲线(a)气温M-K检验，(b)降水M-K检验，(c)土壤温度M-K检验，(d)土壤湿度M-K检验，(e)气温滑动T检验，(f)降水滑动T检验，(g)土壤温度滑动T检验，(h)土壤湿度滑动T检验
Fig. 3 M-K test and sliding T test curves of air temperature, precipitation, soil temperature & moisture in recent 35 years in SRYR (a) M-K test for air temperature, (b) M-K test for precipitation, (c) M-K test for soil temperature, (d) M-K test for soil moisture, (e) sliding T test for air temperature, (f) sliding T test for precipitation, (g) sliding T test for soil temperature, (h) sliding T test for soil moisture
图 4 近年来黄河源区冷季、暖季和季风爆发季土壤温湿变化(a)冷季土壤湿度变化，(b)暖季土壤湿度变化，(c)季风爆发季土壤湿度变化，(d)冷季土壤温度变化，(e)暖季土壤温度变化，(f)季风爆发季土壤温度变化
Fig. 4 Recent variation of soil moisture and soil temperature in cold season, warm season and monsoon season in SRYR (a) variation of soil moisture in cold season, (b) variation of soil moisture in warm season, (c) variation of soil moisture in monsoon season, (d) variation of soil temperature in cold season, (e) variation of soil temperature in warm season, (f) variation of soil temperature in monsoon season
图 5 2006-2010年暖季、冷季黄河源区平均土壤温湿分布(a)暖季CFSR土壤湿度分布，(b)暖季CLM4.5模拟土壤湿度分布，(c)冷季CFSR土壤湿度分布，(d)冷季CLM4.5模拟土壤湿度分布，(e)暖季ERA-Interim土壤温度分布，(f)暖季CLM4.5模拟土壤温度分布，(g)冷季ERA-Interim土壤温度分布，(h)冷季CLM4.5模拟土壤温度分布
Fig. 5 The spatial distribution of soil temperature & moisture in warm season and cold season during 2006-2010 in SRYR (a) soil moisture of CFSR in warm season, (b) soil moisture of CLM4.5 simulation in warm season, (c) soil moisture of CFSR in cold season, (d) soil moisture of CLM4.5 simulation in cold season, (e) soil temperature of ERA-Interim in warm season, (f) soil temperature of CLM4.5 simulation in warm season, (g) soil temperature of ERA-Interim in cold season, (h) soil temperture of CLM4.5 simulation in cold season
表 1 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院玛曲土壤温湿观测网站点分布
Table 1 Sites of Maqu Soil Temperature & Moisture Network
站点 纬度 经度 海拔高度/m CST-01 33°53′N 102°08′E 3491 CST-02 33°40′N 102°08′E 3449 CST-03 33°54′N 101°58′E 3508 CST-04 33°46′N 102°43′E 3505 CST-05 33°40′N 101°53′E 3542 NST-06 34°00′N 102°16′E 3428 NST-07 33°59′N 102°21′E 3430 NST-08 33°58′N 102°36′E 3473 NST-09 33°54′N 102°33′E 3434 NST-10 33°52′N 102°34′E 3512 
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